Pathogenic fungi of marine animals: A taxonomic perspective

Pang, Ka−Lai; Hassett, Brandon T.; Shaumi, Ami; Guo, Sheng−Yu; Sakayaroj, Jariya; Chiang, Michael; Yang, Chien-Hui; Jones, E. B. Gareth

doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2021.03.008

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…At the late-stage of the disease, a displacement of beneficial bacteria was very evident and proliferation of the pathogenic bacteria genera like Vibrio and Aquimarina and pathogenic fungus genera like Malassezia were registered. These bacterial and fungal genera have been considered opportunistic pathogens 37 , 55 , 56 supporting the hypothesis that EHP at the late-stage of the disease generates a dysbiosis process in the hepatopancreas of P. vannamei that enables proliferation of opportunistic microorganisms. An increase of vibrio abundance have been related to dysbiosis 10 , and EHP infection in P. vannamei 27 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The Ascomycota phylum was registered at the early-stage of the disease, which was expected as it is the most abundant phyla in a healthy shrimp hepatopancreas 28 . The increase of the Basidiomycota phyla at the late-stage was associated with an increase of the genus Malasseiza , which has been associated as a pathogen of marine organisms 37 . This suggests that pathogenic fungi from Basidiomycota phyla proliferate in EHP-infected shrimp gradually replacing beneficial fungi from the Ascomycota phyla.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

López‐Carvallo

Cruz‐Flores

Dhar

2022

Sci Rep

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The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen that causes substantial economic losses in shrimp (Penaeus spp.) aquaculture worldwide. To prevent diseases in shrimp, the manipulation of the gut microbiota has been suggested. However, prior knowledge of the host-microbiome is necessary. We assessed the modulation of the microbiome (bacteria/fungi) and its predicted functions over the course of disease progression in shrimp experimentally challenged with EHP for 30 days using high throughput 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Infection grade was assessed for the first time by quantitative digital histopathology. According to the infection intensity, three disease-stages (early/developmental/late) were registered. During the early-stage, EHP was not consistently detected, and a high diversity of potentially beneficial microorganisms related to nutrient assimilation were found. In the development-stage, most of the shrimp start to register a high infection intensity related to a decrease in beneficial microorganisms and an increase in opportunistic/pathogenic fungi. During late-stage, animals displayed different infection intensities, showed a displacement of beneficial microorganisms by opportunistic/pathogenic bacteria and fungi related to pathogen infection processes and depletion of energetic reserves. The degenerative cyclic pattern of EHP infection and its effects on beneficial microorganisms and beneficial functions of the shrimp hepatopancreas microbiome are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

López‐Carvallo

Cruz‐Flores

Dhar

2022

Sci Rep

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“…Although it is considered that they infect only metazoans, some studies implicate that they present a much larger, yet still undescribed diversity [85]. Among documented marine Microsporidia, Glugea and Pleistophora are the most prevalent genera [86]. We present some other representatives in Table 1 and more information can be found in the literature [87,88].…”

Section: Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal Parasitic Fungi in Marine Food Webs—A Mystery Yet to Unravel

Ilicic

Grossart

2022

JoF

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Although aquatic and parasitic fungi have been well known for more than 100 years, they have only recently received increased awareness due to their key roles in microbial food webs and biogeochemical cycles. There is growing evidence indicating that fungi inhabit a wide range of marine habitats, from the deep sea all the way to surface waters, and recent advances in molecular tools, in particular metagenome approaches, reveal that their diversity is much greater and their ecological roles more important than previously considered. Parasitism constitutes one of the most widespread ecological interactions in nature, occurring in almost all environments. Despite that, the diversity of fungal parasites, their ecological functions, and, in particular their interactions with other microorganisms remain largely speculative, unexplored and are often missing from current theoretical concepts in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent research avenues on parasitic fungi and their ecological potential in marine ecosystems, e.g., the fungal shunt, and emphasize the need for further research.

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“…The marine ecosystem is host to some 1900 fungi in 769 genera and 133 fungal-like organisms that have evolved for life in the sea (www.marinefungi.org, accessed on 15 December 2021) [1,2]. They include saprobes, parasites and endophytes, and are particularly common in mangroves (500 taxa, [3]) and salt marshes (486 taxa, [4]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps we have to accept that not all marine fungi need to necessarily conform to the same physiological requirements in their response to salinity. The current definition of a marine fungus is "any fungus that is recovered repeatedly from marine habitats, because: (1) it is able to grow and/or sporulate (on substrata) in marine environments; (2) it forms symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms; or (3) it is shown to adapt and evolve at the genetic level or be metabolically active in marine environments" [15]. The perennial issue is for those fungi referred to as 'marine-derived fungi' often isolated in the search for novel bioactive compounds [15,16] and generally asexual morphs of genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Stanjemonium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Fungi Survive in the Sea and Respond to Climate Change?

Jones

Ramakrishna

Sabaratnam

et al. 2022

JoF

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With the over 2000 marine fungi and fungal-like organisms documented so far, some have adapted fully to life in the sea, while some have the ability to tolerate environmental conditions in the marine milieu. These organisms have evolved various mechanisms for growth in the marine environment, especially against salinity gradients. This review highlights the response of marine fungi, fungal-like organisms and terrestrial fungi (for comparison) towards salinity variations in terms of their growth, spore germination, sporulation, physiology, and genetic adaptability. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial fungi and fungal-like organisms vary greatly in their response to salinity. Generally, terrestrial and freshwater fungi grow, germinate and sporulate better at lower salinities, while marine fungi do so over a wide range of salinities. Zoosporic fungal-like organisms are more sensitive to salinity than true fungi, especially Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Labyrinthulomycota and marine Oomycota are more salinity tolerant than saprolegniaceous organisms in terms of growth and reproduction. Wide adaptability to saline conditions in marine or marine-related habitats requires mechanisms for maintaining accumulation of ions in the vacuoles, the exclusion of high levels of sodium chloride, the maintenance of turgor in the mycelium, optimal growth at alkaline pH, a broad temperature growth range from polar to tropical waters, and growth at depths and often under anoxic conditions, and these properties may allow marine fungi to positively respond to the challenges that climate change will bring. Other related topics will also be discussed in this article, such as the effect of salinity on secondary metabolite production by marine fungi, their evolution in the sea, and marine endophytes.

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Pathogenic fungi of marine animals: A taxonomic perspective

Cited by 24 publications

References 137 publications

The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

Basal Parasitic Fungi in Marine Food Webs—A Mystery Yet to Unravel

How Do Fungi Survive in the Sea and Respond to Climate Change?

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