Pathologic Findings in Swine Affected with a Virulent Strain of Aujeszky's Virus

Olander, H. J.; Saunders, J. R.; Gustafson, D. P.; Jones, Raymond

doi:10.1177/030098586600300104

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In this respect, it is important to note that the 15-week-old pig that spontaneously died at day 5 p.i., N09, and the one that was euthanized due to the severe neurological symptoms at day 6 p.i., N10, were among those with the highest IFN-␥ expression in the olfactory bulb. As such, our data suggest that infection of the olfactory bulb may play a significant role in severe PRV pathology and add to previous findings showing the importance of the olfactory bulb for neuropathogenesis and invasion of the CNS (7,14,15).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Viral replication at the respiratory mucosa is likely required before dissemination of PRV to the visceral organs, since virus only reached the organs several days after infection. Our results also confirmed the importance of the olfactory route as an alternative route of neuroinvasion (7,14,15). Despite the confirmation of the general knowledge on PRV pathogenesis, several interesting new findings resulted from the detailed study of viral and cytokine mRNA expression at important sites of neuropathogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Age-Dependent Differences in Pseudorabies Virus Neuropathogenesis and Associated Cytokine Expression

Verpoest

Cay

Favoreel

et al. 2017

J Virol

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The severity of clinical symptoms induced by pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection of its natural host is inversely related to the age of the pig. During this study, 2-and 15-week-old pigs were inoculated with PRV strain NIA3. This resulted in important clinical disease, although the associated morbidity and mortality were lower in older pigs. Quantitative PCR analysis of viral DNA in different organs confirmed the general knowledge on PRV pathogenesis. Several new findings and potential explanations for the observed age-dependent differences in virulence, however, were determined from the study of viral and cytokine mRNA expression at important sites of neuropathogenesis. First, only limited viral and cytokine mRNA expression was detected in the nasal mucosa, suggesting that other sites may serve as the primary replication site. Second, PRV reached the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and brain stem rapidly upon infection but, compared to 2-week-old pigs, viral replication was less pronounced in 15-week-old pigs, and the decrease in viral mRNA expression was not preceded by or associated with an increased cytokine expression. Third, extensive viral replication associated with a robust expression of cytokine mRNA was detected in the olfactory bulbs of pigs from both age categories and correlated with the observed neurological disease. Our results suggest that age-dependent differences in PRV-induced clinical signs are probably due to enhanced viral replication and associated immunopathology in immature TG and the central nervous system neurons of 2-week-old pigs and that neurological disease is related with extensive viral replication and an associated immune response in the olfactory bulb.IMPORTANCE It is well known that alphaherpesvirus infections of humans and animals result in more severe clinical disease in newborns than in older individuals and that this is probably related to differences in neuropathogenesis. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear. Pseudorabies virus infection of its natural host, the pig, provides a suitable infection model to study this more profoundly. We show here that the severe neurological disease observed in 2-week-old pigs does not appear to be related to a hampered innate immune response but is more likely to reflect the immature development state of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and central nervous system (CNS) neurons, resulting in an inefficient suppression of viral replication. In 15-week-old pigs, viral replication was efficiently suppressed in the TG and CNS without induction of an extensive immune response. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that neurological disease could, at least in part, be related to viral replication and associated immunopathology in the olfactory bulb.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Age-Dependent Differences in Pseudorabies Virus Neuropathogenesis and Associated Cytokine Expression

Verpoest

Cay

Favoreel

et al. 2017

J Virol

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“…In-vivo experiments suggest that herpes viruses migrate from the inoculation site along peripheral nerves towards the associated peripheral ganglia, and then proceed to the corresponding segments of the CNS (Irie et al, 1989). In ADV infection in piglets, necrotizing enteritis and myenteric plexitis occur (Narita et al, 1984;Ezura et al, 1995) in addition to encephalitis (Olander et al, 1966;Rajcani et al, 1969;Sabo et al, 1969). The neuronal lesions produced in the present study suggested that ADV spread from the myenteric plexuses via the solar plexus and ganglia, and travelled to the spinal ganglia as far as the dorsal and ventral horns of the thoracic-lumbar spinal cord.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), a neurotropic herpesvirus, spreads via the nerves from the primary site of infection to the central nervous system (CNS) (Corner, 1965;McFerran and Dow, 1965;Bergmann and Becker, 1967;Rajcani el al., 1969;Sabo et al, 1969;Narita et al, 1991). In piglets, initial replication of ADV in the naso-pharyngeal mucosa and tonsillar epithelium leads to systemic infection with necrotic hepatitis, adrenitis and encephalitis (Corner, 1965;McFerran and Dow, 1965;Olander et al, 1966). Recent studies showed that some strains of ADV produce necrotic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and myenteric plexuses (Narita et al, 1984(Narita et al, , 1998Ezura et al, 1995;Zhao et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical demonstration of spread of Aujeszky's disease virus to the porcine central nervous system after intestinal inoculation

Narita

Kimura

Tanimura

et al. 1998

Journal of Comparative Pathology

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Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) was injected into the duodenal lumen of eight specific pathogen-free pigs aged 5 weeks. The infected pigs did not show any diarrhoea or nervous symptoms, but they developed characteristic necrotizing enteritis and myenteric plexitis, accompanied by follicular necrosis in the Peyer's patches. ADV antigen was detected in the submucosa of the dome area of Peyer's patches, lymphatic follicles, Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses, solar ganglia and thoracic spinal ganglia. These findings suggest that ADV spreads from the intestinal mucosa to the central nervous system via the autonomic nerves.

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“…In addition, microscopic findings may include necrotic tonsilitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, alveolitis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies are observed in neurons, astrocytes and Oligodendroglia (Dow and McFerran 1962, Csontos and Szeky 1966, Olander et al 1966, Baskerville 1972a, b, 1973. Focal necrotic areas may, also, be found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and adrenal glands of macerated fetuses.…”

Section: Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aujeszky's Disease (Pseudorabies). An old threat in current pig industry? Part I. Pathogenetic information and implications

Παπαγεωργιου

Burriel

Filioussis

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Aujeszky's disease (AD) (or Pseudorabies) is an important viral disease of swine causing neurological signs in neonatal pigs, respiratory problems in fatteners and reproductive disorders in breeding stock. Glycoproteins and enzymes of the AD virus (ADV) and their interactions with the cellular components majorly determine its pathogenesis. After primary replication in the epithelia of the upper respiratory tract, ADV travels via the nerves to the central nervous system and via the blood to secondary replication sites (lymph nodes, lungs, uterus etc). Depending on the age of the affected swine, it can cause neonatal mortality due to neurological disease, respiratory disease in growing and adult pigs and reproductive disorders in breeding animals. One of the characteristic features of ADV is latency. In this paper, its major points on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and post mortem findings and diagnosis are presented.

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Pathologic Findings in Swine Affected with a Virulent Strain of Aujeszky's Virus

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Age-Dependent Differences in Pseudorabies Virus Neuropathogenesis and Associated Cytokine Expression

Age-Dependent Differences in Pseudorabies Virus Neuropathogenesis and Associated Cytokine Expression

Immunohistochemical demonstration of spread of Aujeszky's disease virus to the porcine central nervous system after intestinal inoculation

Aujeszky's Disease (Pseudorabies). An old threat in current pig industry? Part I. Pathogenetic information and implications

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