Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical evidence of relationship between Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease

Galiero, Raffaele; Caturano, Alfredo; Vetrano, Erica; Cesaro, Arturo; Rinaldi, Luca; Salvatore, Teresa; Marfella, Raffaele; Sardu, Celestino; Moscarella, Elisabetta; Gragnano, Felice; Calabrò, Paolo; Sasso, Ferdinando Carlo

doi:10.31083/j.rcm2203082

Cited by 61 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 190 publications

(198 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, T2DM is characterized by low-grade inflammation [ 29 ]. Increased serum transaminase levels are also explained by the low-grade inflammation present in DM, which is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying NASH development [ 30 ]. Low-grade inflammation, caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines, is also implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction, which can occur in pre-DM patients, thus highlighting the importance of detecting pre-DM as quickly as possible, as complications begin to develop in this phase [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Pre-Diabetic Biomarkers in the Progression of Diabetes Mellitus

et al. 2021

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health issue. The development of T2DM is gradual and preceded by the pre-diabetes mellitus (pre-DM) stage, which often remains undiagnosed. This study aimed to identify novel pre-DM biomarkers in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced pre-DM mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a chow diet or HFD for 12 weeks. Serum and liver samples were isolated in a time-dependent manner. Semi-quantitative assessment of secretory cytokines was performed by cytokine array analysis, and 13 cytokines were selected for further analysis based on the changes in expression levels in the pre-DM and T2DM stages. HFD-fed mice gained body weight and exhibited high serum lipid, liver enzyme, glucose, and insulin levels during the progression of pre-DM to T2DM. The mRNA expression of inflammatory and lipogenic genes was elevated in HFD-fed mice The mRNA expression of Fc receptor, IgG, low affinity Iib, lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5, and growth arrest specific 6 was elevated in the pre-DM, which was confirmed by measuring protein levels. Our study identified novel pre-DM biomarkers that may help to delay or prevent the progression of T2DM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Pre-Diabetic Biomarkers in the Progression of Diabetes Mellitus

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, by reducing the number of proinflammatory cytokines and promoting the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, it prevents liver fibrosis. In NAFLD, there are a couple of mechanisms (including dysfunction in adipokine production, increase in oxidative stress reactions, and general proinflammatory state) that influence the atherosclerotic plaque formation and its progression, therefore, leading to the increase of cardiovascular risk [ 158 ].…”

Section: Nafld and Cardiovascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Associations with Fructose Metabolism and Gut Microbiota

et al. 2021

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common condition associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since systemic metabolic dysfunction underlies NAFLD, the current nomenclature has been revised, and the term metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed. The new definition emphasizes the bidirectional relationships and increases awareness in looking for fatty liver disease among patients with T2DM and CVD or its risk factors, as well as looking for these diseases among patients with NAFLD. The most recommended treatment method of NAFLD is lifestyle changes, including dietary fructose limitation, although other treatment methods of NAFLD have recently emerged and are being studied. Given the focus on the liver–gut axis targeting, bacteria may also be a future aim of NAFLD treatment given the microbiome signatures discriminating healthy individuals from those with NAFLD. In this review article, we will provide an overview of the associations of fructose consumption, gut microbiota, diabetes, and CVD in patients with NAFLD.

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“…These changes in adipose tissue secretagogues promote the onset of insulin resistance linked to the increase in FFA and hepatic lipogenesis. Moreover, alterations of free cholesterol metabolism seem involved in the development and progression of MAFLD and are consequently associated with a higher cardiovascular risk [ 25 ]. There is currently less understanding of the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the genesis of pediatric MAFLD.…”

Section: General Information On Pediatric Mafldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease in Children: A Growing Public Health Problem

et al. 2021

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Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), previously called nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), is one of the most important causes of chronic liver disease worldwide and will likely become the leading cause of end-stage liver disease in the decades ahead. MAFLD covers a continuum of liver diseases from fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Importantly, the growing incidence of overweight and obesity in childhood, 4% in 1975 to 18% in 2016, with persisting obesity complications into adulthood, is likely to be harmful by increasing the incidence of severe MAFLD at an earlier age. Currently, MAFLD is the leading form of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents, with a global prevalence of 3 to 10%, pointing out that early diagnosis is therefore crucial. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge concerning the epidemiology, risk factors and potential pathogenic mechanisms, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, of pediatric MAFLD.

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Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical evidence of relationship between Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease

Cited by 61 publications

References 190 publications

Identification of Pre-Diabetic Biomarkers in the Progression of Diabetes Mellitus

Identification of Pre-Diabetic Biomarkers in the Progression of Diabetes Mellitus

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Associations with Fructose Metabolism and Gut Microbiota

Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease in Children: A Growing Public Health Problem

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