Pattern recognition of estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in children's saliva samples using stochastic microsensors

Abstract

Stochastic microsensors based on diamond paste and three types of electroactive materials (maltodextrin (MD), α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H porphyrin (P)) were developed for the assay of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in children's saliva. The main advantage of utilization of such tools is the possibility to identify and quantify all three hormones within minutes in small volumes of childen's saliva. The limits of quantification obtained for DHT, T2, and E2 (1 fmol/L for DHT, 1 pmol/L for T2, and 66 fmol/L for E2) determined using the proposed tools allows the utilization of these new methods with high reliability for the screening of saliva samples from children. This new method proposed for the assay of the three hormones overcomes the limitations (regarding limits of determination) of ELISA method which is the standard method used in clinical laboratories for the assay of DHT, T2, and E2 in saliva samples. The main feature of its utilization for children's saliva is to identify earlier problems related to early puberty and obesity.

Interkingdom networking within the oral microbiome

“…Noncatecholamine mammalian hormones, such as estradiol, are found in saliva [31], and this hormone enhances C. albicans infectivity by promoting the yeast to hypha transition and growth [32]. Estradiol also impairs dendritic cell function, such that the cells are less efficient at up-regulating antigen-presenting pathways, interleukin-23 (IL-23), and Th17 immune response, thus rendering the host more susceptible to C. albicans infection [33].…”

3D Stochastic Microsensors for Simultaneous Assay of p53, HER-3, and HER-4 - a Key Factor in the Early Detection of Gastric Cancer

“…Several 3D stochastic microsensors and 2D disposable sensors have been developed for the purpose of conducting screening tests on biological samples such as tears, whole blood, saliva, urine, and tissue samples. These sensors have demonstrated a high level of reliability in detecting various medical conditions including cancer, 25,26 diabetes, 27,28 influenza, 29 and obesity 30 at an early stage.…”

Asymmetric split H-shape nanoantennas for molecular sensing

“…1(b), has a molar mass of 272.382 g/mol and is mostly responsible for controlling the development of human sex organs [19]. E2 is particularly used during preparation of in vitro fertilization and monitoring ovulation induction that are important for human reproduction.…”

“…It can also be found naturally in the environment through human excreta or by anthropogenic activities [20]. The large demand for E2 for use in clinical analysis in determining the performance of the human reproductive system [19, 21,22], and its possible presence in water treatment have motivated researchers to investigate this particular analyte and report on various techniques for sensing its presence [20, 23–30]. These techniques, such as screen-printed carbon electrochemistry (SPCE) [23], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [24], gold electrode surface via under-potential deposition (UDP) [25] and aptamer-based optical fiber [26], give a modest limit of detection (LOD) and require complex experimental laboratory work.…”