Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation

Abstract

Infection of cells by microorganisms activates the inflammatory response. The initial sensing of infection is mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors. The intracellular signaling cascades triggered by these PRRs lead to transcriptional expression of inflammatory mediators that coordinate the elimination of pathogens and infected cells. However, aberrant activation of this system leads to immunodeficiency, septic shock, or induction of autoimmunity. In this Review, we discuss the role of PRRs, their signaling pathways, and how they control inflammatory responses.

Bovine P-selectin mediates leukocyte adhesion and is highly polymorphic in dairy breeds

“…Activation of PRRs triggers an inflammatory response characterized by downstream signaling and transcription of both pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines as well as chemokines. These are pleiotropic proteins that modify vascular endothelial permeability, recruit and activate inflammatory cells and induce the production of antimicrobial proteins and acute-phase proteins (Kawai and Akira, 2010;Takeuchi and Akira, 2010). Achieving a rapid immune response is beneficial to eliminate pathogens and so protect the body from damage.…”

Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 Prevents Bacterial Translocation in Weaned Mice

“…Cells of innate immune system act as the first line of defence against pathogens but are not overly specific in their ability to recognize their target [6]. Inflammation is a complex biological response to infection or injury that involves many different cell types, mediators, and stimuli [18,26]. Key players in the innate immune response include the phagocytic cells like neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.…”

Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the expression of tryptophan-metabolism genes by human macrophages

“…Indomethacin acts by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) or prostaglandin synthase enzymes (COX1/COX2; PTGS1/PTGS2) 31. The anti‐inflammatory activity of COX inhibitors is thought to depend on preventing inducible prostaglandin production, which can also act in an autocrine manner in macrophages through inducible prostaglandin receptors 25. Both COX‐inhibiting and TNFα‐inhibiting drugs have been shown to have some antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in patients with psychologic symptoms in the context of medical inflammatory disorders 32.…”