“…There have been many techniques used to modify the surface of a biomaterial and they mainly fall under two major categories, chemical and topographical (Stevens and George 2005; Molnar, Hirsch-Kuchma et al 2006). Surface chemistry and topography (surface structure) of biomaterial substrates have a great influence on regulating cell behavior, such as adhesion, migration, orientation, guidance, differentiation, proliferation, gene expression and protein synthesis (Kleinfeld, Kahler et al 1988; Dulcey, Georger et al 1991; Ravenscroft, Bateman et al 1998; Stenger, Hickman et al 1998; Jenney and Anderson 1999; Saneinejad and Shoichet 2000; Craighead, James et al 2001; Andersson, Olsson et al 2003). This is due to the fact that during natural development the same types of extracellular signals are regulating many cellular functions.…”