Patterning the developing and regenerating olfactory system

Henion, Timothy R.; Schwarting, Gerald A.

doi:10.1002/jcp.20888

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…In each epigraph of this review (the olfactory nerve, the LOT and the intracortical connexions), we will review what can be considered to be the “special” mechanisms, as well as all the contact-mediated (permissive and non-permissive) and long-range cues (attractants and repellents) relevant for these developmental processes (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). Partial reviews with a similar goal to this work have been published elsewhere (López-Mascaraque and de Castro, 2002, 2004; St John et al, 2002; Henion and Schwarting, 2007; Schwarting and Henion, 2008), but here we provide an updated review of the axon guidance that wires the entire olfactory system, from the olfactory epithelium to the OB, from the OB to the olfactory cortex and within the olfactory cortex. Finally, we will also offer a view of the molecular basis of the development of connectivity in the accessory olfactory system.…”

Section: Introduction: a Brief Sketch Of The Olfactory System And Itsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Wiring olfaction: the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide the development of synaptic connections from the nose to the cortex

Castro

2009

Front. Neurosci.

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Within the central nervous system, the olfactory system fascinates by its developmental and physiological particularities, and is one of the most studied models to understand the mechanisms underlying the guidance of growing axons to their appropriate targets. A constellation of contact-mediated (laminins, CAMs, ephrins, etc.) and secreted mechanisms (semaphorins, slits, growth factors, etc.) are known to play different roles in the establishment of synaptic interactions between the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory cortex. Specific mechanisms of this system (including the amazing family of about 1000 different olfactory receptors) have been also proposed. In the last years, different reviews have focused in partial sights, specially in the mechanisms involved in the formation of the olfactory nerve, but a detailed review of the mechanisms implicated in the development of the connections among the different olfactory structures (olfactory epithelium, OB, olfactory cortex) remains to be written. In the present work, we afford this systematic review: the different cellular and molecular mechanisms which rule the formation of the olfactory nerve, the lateral olfactory tract and the intracortical connections, as well as the few data available regarding the accessory olfactory system. These mechanisms are compared, and the implications of the differences and similarities discussed in this fundamental scenario of ontogeny.

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Section: Introduction: a Brief Sketch Of The Olfactory System And Itsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Wiring olfaction: the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide the development of synaptic connections from the nose to the cortex

Castro

2009

Front. Neurosci.

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“…While progress has been made in elucidating the signals regulating the formation of several major tracts in the CNS (Garcez et al, 2007; Henion and Schwarting, 2007; Lindwall et al, 2007; Price et al, 2006; Webber and Raz, 2006) the molecular and topographical cues that make possible the formation of the mesotelelencephalic dopaminergic pathways (MTp) is only beginning to be understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression by midbrain dopamine neurons of Sema3A and 3F receptors is associated with chemorepulsion in vitro but a mild in vivo phenotype

Torre

Gutekunst

Gross

2010

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

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Here we explore the role of semaphorin 3A and 3F (Sema3A, Sema3F) in the formation of the mesotelencephalic pathway. We show that Sema3A and 3F are expressed in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) of E13.5 rat embryos; the receptors Neuropilin 1 and Neuropilin 2, and coreceptors L1CAM, NrCAM, and Plexins A1 and A3 but not A4 are expressed by VM dopaminergic neurons; these neurons bind Sema3A and 3F in vitro which induces collapse of their growth cones and elicits, with different potencies, a repulsive response; and this response is absent in axons from Nrp1 and Nrp2 null embryos. Despite these in vitro effects, only very mild anatomical defects were detected in the organization of the mesotelencephalic pathway in embryonic and adult Nrp1 or Nrp2 null mice. However, the dopaminergic meso-habenular pathway and catecholaminergic neurons in the parafascicular and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus were significantly affected in Nrp2 null mice. These data are consistent with a model whereby Sema3A and 3F, in combination with other guidance molecules, contributes to the navigation of DA axons to their final synaptic targets.

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“…The OR gene superfamily is perhaps the largest in the mammalian genome (17,18). The pseudogene/gene ratio is highest in human, lower in chimpanzee, and lowest in mouse-most likely reflecting the rodent's greater dependence on olfaction for survival than humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Nonallergic Vasomotor Rhinitis

Bernstein

Zhang

et al. 2008

Journal of Asthma

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We sought a genotype-phenotype association: between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in olfactory receptor (OR) genes from the two largest OR gene clusters and odor-triggered nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis (nVMR). In the initial pedigree screen, using transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis, six SNPs showed "significant" p-values between 0.0449 and 0.0043. In a second case-control population, the previously identified six SNPs did not re-emerge, whereas four new SNPs showed p-values between 0.0490 and 0.0001. Combining both studies, none of the SNPs in the TDT analysis survived the Bonferroni correction. In the population study, one SNP showed an empirical p-value of 0.0066 by shuffling cases and controls with 10 5 replicates; however, the p-value for this SNP was 0.83 in the pedigree study. This study emphasizes that underpowered studies having p-values between <0.05 and 0.0001 should be regarded as inconclusive and require further replication before concluding the study is "informative." However, we believe that our hypothesis that an association between OR genotypes and the nVMR phenotype remains feasible. Future studies using either a genomewide association study of all OR gene-pseudogene regions throughout the genome -at the current recommended density of 2.5 to 5 kb per tag SNP-or studies incorporating microarray analyses of the entire "OR genome" in well-characterized nVMR patients are required.

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Patterning the developing and regenerating olfactory system

Cited by 13 publications

References 102 publications

Wiring olfaction: the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide the development of synaptic connections from the nose to the cortex

Wiring olfaction: the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide the development of synaptic connections from the nose to the cortex

Expression by midbrain dopamine neurons of Sema3A and 3F receptors is associated with chemorepulsion in vitro but a mild in vivo phenotype

Olfactory Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Nonallergic Vasomotor Rhinitis

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