Patterns of Herbivory in Belizean Mangrove Swamps

Farnsworth, Elizabeth J.; Ellison, Aaron M.

doi:10.2307/2388393

Cited by 76 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The damage we encountered was similar to that reported in other mangrove swamps in Brazil, Pakistan, the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, China, as well as other localities around the globe (Johnstone 1981, Schoener 1988, Filomeno & Castellani 1990, Farnsworth & Ellison 1991, Lee 1991, Stowe 1995, Gonçalves-Alvim et al 2001, Erickson et al 2004, Saifullah & Mahera 2004. Undefi ned damage caused by deformities of Rhizophora leaves appeared as corky structures, but without any signs of pathologies resulting from fungal or bacterial infections.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Leaf damage in mangrove swamp plants can compromise the productivity of those environments (Lacerda et al 1986) through the direct loss of photosynthetic area, reallocation of plant metabolic resources to herbivore defenses (Coley et al 1985, Ernest 1989, Gange & Brown 1989 or, in extreme cases, the death of large numbers of a given species (West & Thorogood 1985, Whitten & Damanik 1986, Murphy 1990, Farnsworth & Ellison 1991, Anderson & Lee 1995. Additionally, herbivory can interfere with the developmental and/or reproductive patterns of the plants (Gange & Brown 1989, Gonçalves-Alvim et al 2001 and seedling recruitment, and alter forest structures (McKee 1995, Farnsworth & Ellison 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, herbivory can interfere with the developmental and/or reproductive patterns of the plants (Gange & Brown 1989, Gonçalves-Alvim et al 2001 and seedling recruitment, and alter forest structures (McKee 1995, Farnsworth & Ellison 1997. In spite of the importance of these topics to mangrove ecology, few studies in these ecosystems have classifi ed leaf damage or investigated their causal agents (Onuf et al 1977, Farnsworth & Ellison 1991, Anderson & Lee 1995, McKee 1995, Stowe 1995.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leaf damage in a mangrove swamp at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Menezes¹,

Peixoto²

2009

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Leaf damage in a mangrove swamp at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Leaf damage to Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia schaueriana Stapf. & Leechman, and Laguncularia racemosa L. was studied in a two hectare mangrove swamp site in Sepetiba Bay. Seventeen arthropod morphospecies were identifi ed as being responsible for the damage, and their species diversity was highest on A. schaueriana, followed by R. mangle and L. racemosa. Damage in terms of relative area was greatest in L. racemosa. Almost 9% of mangrove canopy leaf area demonstrated some damage. Loss of leaf area to herbivory was 12.1%, 8.3% and 6.2% in L. racemosa, A. schaueriana and R. mangle respectively. L. racemosa and A. schaueriana showed high percentages of leaf-margin damage in terms of the total damaged leaf area (82.2% and 56.3% respectively), while the most important type of damage in R. mangle was necrosis, representing 58.1% of the total damaged leaf area.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leaf damage in a mangrove swamp at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Menezes¹,

Peixoto²

2009

Rev. bras. Bot.

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“…In contrast, the loss of yield caused by gall-forming psyllids was the most significant form of herbivory in A. germinans at both IRL and Twin Cays where it caused a reduction in leaf area by 2-6% and 12-14%, respectively. This type of injury, which is seldom measured in natural systems (Peterson and Higley 2001), has not been measured in previous herbivory studies in mangroves and may account for the consistently low values that have been reported (Farnsworth and Ellison 1991;Feller 1995). Although reduction in leaf area through loss of yield was greater than damage by all folivores combined at Twin Cays, nutrient enrichment had no effect on the level of damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Nutrient Addition Differentially Affects Ecological Processes of Avicennia germinans in Nitrogen versus Phosphorus Limited Mangrove Ecosystems

2007

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Nutrient over-enrichment is a major threat to marine environments, but system-specific attributes of coastal ecosystems may result in differences in their sensitivity and susceptibility to eutrophication. We used fertilization experiments in nitrogen (N)-and phosphorus (P)-limited mangrove forests to test the hypothesis that alleviating different kinds of nutrient limitation may have different effects on ecosystem structure and function in natural systems. We compared a broad range of ecological processes to determine if these systems have different thresholds where shifts might occur in nutrient limitation. Growth responses indicated N limitation in Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) forests in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, and P limitation at Twin Cays, Belize. When nutrient deficiency was relieved, A. germinans grew out of its stunted form by increasing wood relative to leaf biomass and shoot length relative to lateral growth. At the P-limited site, P enrichment (+P) increased specific leaf area, N resorption, and P uptake, but had no effect on P resorption. At the N-limited site, +N increased both N and P resorption, but did not alter biomass allocation. Herbivory was greater at the P-limited site and was unaffected by +P, whereas +N led to increased herbivory at the N-limited site. The responses to nutrient enrichment depended on the ecological process and limiting nutrient and suggested that N-versus P-limited mangroves do have different thresholds. +P had a greater effect on more ecological processes at Twin Cays than did +N at the IRL, which indicated that the P-limited site was more sensitive to nutrient loading. Because of this sensitivity, eutrophication is more likely to cause a shift in nutrient limitation at P-limited Twin Cays than N-limited IRL.

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“…However, the two mangrove species identified in these studies were in fact A. germinans or Avicennia schaueriana, given that A. tomentosa is a synonym of A. germinans and A. officinalis is found only in the Old World (Tomlinson 1986 In addition, Gagné (1994) identified rounded and smooth galls in A. germinans in Florida (USA) and Belize, while Gagné & Etienne (1996) identified the same gall morphotypes in specimens of A. germinans in Guadalupe and San Martin, in Central America. In Belize, Central America, Farnsworth & Ellison (1991) identified two gall morphotypes in A. germinans, but without identifying the inducing agent. Jiménez (2004) highlighted the presence of leaf galls induced by Telmapsylla minuta (Psyllidae: Homoptera), by three undetermined species of Cecidomyiidae, and an unidentified mite species in A. germinans, in Costa Rica.…”

Section: Gall-inducing Arthropods and Their Hosts In Mangrove Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%