2021
DOI: 10.1111/cla.12483
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Patterns of morphological simplification and innovation in the megadiverse Holometabola (Insecta)

Abstract: We analyzed patterns of complexity and simplicity in holometabolan insects using parsimony and maximum-likelihood. By contrast with other groups of arthropods (and most other groups of animals), insects have undergone a stepwise process of structural simplification in their evolution. The megadiverse Holometabola are characterized mainly by structurally simplified larvae, which differ strongly from the adults in their morphology and usually also in their life habits. Although smaller groups such as Neuropterid… Show more

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Cited by 13 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…Evolution in the larval stages was apparently accelerated in Neuroptera, whereas the adults are mostly characterized by plesiomorphic features compared with other groups of Holometabola (Beutel et al, 2010a(Beutel et al, , b, 2011(Beutel et al, , 2022. This underlines the importance of immatures stages for understanding adaptations and major evolutionary shifts in Neuroptera.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Evolution in the larval stages was apparently accelerated in Neuroptera, whereas the adults are mostly characterized by plesiomorphic features compared with other groups of Holometabola (Beutel et al, 2010a(Beutel et al, , b, 2011(Beutel et al, , 2022. This underlines the importance of immatures stages for understanding adaptations and major evolutionary shifts in Neuroptera.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…The results of this study show that the whole body of female Mengenillidae is highly modified and simplified as already shown for the female abdomen in Tröger et al (2019). The degree of simplification is higher compared to adults of other insect orders and even compared to other groups within Coleopterida, in which structural simplification is a general pattern (Beutel et al, 2021). This correlates with their cryptic and more or less stationary lifestyle.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…The strepsipteran secondary larval stages belong to the most strongly simplified larvae of Holometabola (Beutel et al 2022). Conspicuous features distinguishing secondary larvae of Strepsiptera from prepupal stages of other holometabolous orders are the presence of compound eyes and wings in males, and the non-functional (males) or missing legs (Tröger et al 2020, present study).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%