Patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex excretion and characterization of super-shedders in naturally-infected wild boar and red deer

Santos, Nuno; Almeida, Virgílio; Gortázar, Christian; Correia-Neves, Margarida

doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0270-4

Cited by 71 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In Nigeria typing has allowed investigation into origins of the disease, with the cattle strain type being more closely related to those observed in neighbouring Cameroon than circulating in the local human population (47). Mb in wild-ranging animals has also been tested (41,48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals that are super shedders, shedding higher concentrations via more excretion routes, more frequently may be responsible for high levels of transmission (40,41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cassidy (39) observed faecal excretion in cattle with lung lesions but no abdominal lesions. In addition, previous research indicates that within an animal population, some animals are supershedders (40,41), excreting the pathogen more frequently, at higher concentrations and via more excretion routes. Applying the pareto principle, it can be argued that these few super shedders are responsible for a large proportion of onward transmission.…”

Section: Statistical Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental reservoirs ofMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Ruaha region, Tanzania

Travis

Hung

Porter

et al. 2019

Preprint

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This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in the environment of pastoralists and villagers in the Iringa district, adjacent to the Ruaha National Park in Tanzania. Utilising specific qPCR assays, both Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were detected in cattle faeces, boma soil, water and household dust. M. bovis was also found in goat faeces and goat boma soil. This is the first report of faecal shedding of M. bovis in goats and the first molecular survey of faecal shedding in cattle. The prevalence of both bacterial species varied by village, area, season and sample type.Geographical and temporal correlations across sample types were suggestive of cross species transmission. This non-invasive test has previously been rigorously validated for screening other mammals; in this study it has successfully been applied to detect M. bovis and M. tuberculosis in livestock faeces and the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals that are super shedders, shedding higher concentrations via more excretion routes, more frequently may be responsible for high levels of transmission (40,41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental reservoirs ofMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Ruaha region, Tanzania

Travis

Hung

Porter

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Accordingly, naturally infected wild boars excrete M. bovis mycobacteria by oro-nasal and digestive routes, with inocula above 10 3 colony-forming units (CFU)/g 13 . Furthermore, it has been shown that M. bovis can persist in soil for several months 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lymph nodes are the most frequently used sample for the research of mycobacteria in animals 17–19 but this invasive sampling made by well trained staff, is almost limited to dead animals. Therefore, the analysis of feces is an emerging method in wild animals 13,20–22 on the model of what has been reported for the routine diagnosis in human patients 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacteria fecal shedding in wild boars (Sus scrofa), South-eastern France

Fellag

Drancourt

Marié³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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11The recent recrudescence of tuberculosis in cattle has implicated wild boar as a 12 reservoir and vector of this disease, which led to the investigation of fecal shedding of 13 the causative Mycobacterium bovis. In the Provence region of France, wild boars are 14 very abundant, and the current study was carried out to assess the presence of 15 tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacteria in feces of wild boar population. W e 16 developed an original protocol allowing the fast isolation of mycobacteria by 17 combining a 1%-chlorhexidine decontamination of fecal matter with culture on MOD9 18 medium. Colonies were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-19 of-flight mass spectrometry, combined with DNA sequencing. This protocol yielded 20 no tuberculous mycobacteria among ninety-nine wild boar fecal samples collected in 21 the Provence region. However, non-tuberculous mycobacteria were isolated from five 22 samples (5.05%), including Mycobacterium peregrinum, Mycobacterium vaccae and 23 Mycobacterium setense, the last species being previously unreported in the wild 24 boar; in addition to two positive samples for Nocardia spp. In conclusion, wild boars 25 in southeastern France are not shedding tuberculosis agents, but they could 26 constitute a reservoir of human non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis in selected 27 populations directly exposed to wild boars.28 29 Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonosis due to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) affecting 30 both livestock and wild mammals 1 . Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious infection of 31 significant health and economic importance and eradication programs have been 32 implemented in a number of developed countries 1,2 . These programs yielded a 33 remarkable reduction of the incidence of the disease 1,3 . 34 However, the wide distribution of M. bovis in wildlife is a major obstacle to the 35 eradication of tuberculosis in cattle 2,3 . In numerous countries, bovine tuberculosis is 36 maintained by multi-host systems involving cattle and wild mammals 2-4 . While the 37 role of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) remains controversial 3 , the European badger 38 (Meles meles) in Great Britain and Ireland and the wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the 39 Iberian Peninsula are acknowledged reservoirs for M. bovis 3,5 . The later species is 40 also recognized as a host for other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including 41 Mycobacterium microti 6 and Mycobacterium caprae 7 . In addition, non-tuberculous 42 mycobacteria that are widely distributed in the environment are not uncommon in wild 43 boars, where they were isolated from lymph nodes 8 and feces 9,10 . These non-44 tuberculous mycobacteria have been identified as emerging human pathogens, 45 especially in immunocompromised patients 11,12 . 46 Accordingly, naturally infected wild boars excrete M. bovis mycobacteria by oro-47 nasal and digestive routes, with inocula above 10 3 colony-forming units (CFU)/g 13 . 48 Furthermore, it has been shown that M. bovis can persist in soil for several months 14 . 49 Interaction...

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Characterization of potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis: A review

Fielding

McKinley

Delahay

et al. 2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background Variation in host attributes that influence their contact rates and infectiousness can lead some individuals to make disproportionate contributions to the spread of infections. Understanding the roles of such ‘superspreaders’ can be crucial in deciding where to direct disease surveillance and controls to greatest effect. In the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Great Britain, it has been suggested that a minority of cattle farms or herds might make disproportionate contributions to the spread of Mycobacterium bovis, and hence might be considered ‘superspreader farms’. Objectives and Methods We review the literature to identify the characteristics of farms that have the potential to contribute to exceptional values in the three main components of the farm reproductive number ‐ Rf: contact rate, infectiousness and duration of infectiousness, and therefore might characterize potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Results Farms exhibit marked heterogeneity in contact rates arising from between‐farm trading of cattle. A minority of farms act as trading hubs that greatly augment connections within cattle trading networks. Herd infectiousness might be increased by high within‐herd transmission or the presence of supershedding individuals, or infectiousness might be prolonged due to undetected infections or by repeated local transmission, via wildlife or fomites. Conclusions Targeting control methods on putative superspreader farms might yield disproportionate benefits in controlling endemic bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. However, real‐time identification of any such farms, and integration of controls with industry practices, present analytical, operational and policy challenges.

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Patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex excretion and characterization of super-shedders in naturally-infected wild boar and red deer

Cited by 71 publications

References 42 publications

Environmental reservoirs ofMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Ruaha region, Tanzania

Environmental reservoirs ofMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium tuberculosisin the Ruaha region, Tanzania

Mycobacteria fecal shedding in wild boars (Sus scrofa), South-eastern France

Characterization of potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis: A review

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