Patterns of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Dietary Intake and Melanoma Thickness at Diagnosis

Abstract

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Nutritional Interventions for Patients with Melanoma: From Prevention to Therapy—An Update

“…Conversely, higher n-6 PUFAs intake was associated with an increased risk of melanoma in both the NHS and HPFS cohorts (HR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.02-1.41; p = 0.03 for highest vs. lowest quintiles) [74]. Similarly, a relationship with an increased prevalence of thick melanomas was found in an Australian prospective study on 634 patients (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 1.40; 1.01-1.94, for highest vs. lowest tertiles of intake of the "meat-fish-fat" dietary pattern, which was characterized by high consumption of meat, fish, seafood, processed meat, eggs, peas, beans, and solid fats) [75]. Furthermore, in a large Norwegian cohort (n = 50,757 individuals), the intake of cod liver and PUFAs both led to a three-fold and four-fold increased risk of melanoma, respectively, but in women only [47].…”

Diet quality is associated with primary melanoma thickness

“…Omega‐3 fatty acids promote apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis 14 and can reduce invasiveness of melanoma cells in vitro , 15 while omega‐6 fatty acids may increase tumour invasiveness 16 . We found that people with high intakes of meat, fish and fat – who thus consumed relatively high amounts of omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids – were more likely to be diagnosed with thick rather than thin primary melanomas 13 …”

“…All patients had low compliance (below 50%) for the Fatty Acids component but full compliance (100%) for Total Protein Foods, consistent with a National Health Survey in 2011 showing almost all Australians (99%) meet recommended protein intake, 45 likely from animalbased foods such as red meat and poultry that are highly consumed 46,47 but not fish (also a source of omega-3 fatty acids), as previously noted. 13 Thus, all patients in this study, particularly those with the poorest diet quality, could benefit by substituting fish, as well as beans, legumes, nuts and seeds (sources of monoand polyunsaturated fats) for some of the highly consumed red meat and poultry (sources of saturated fat), in order to improve compliance with the Saturated Fat and Fatty Acid components while adhering to the Total Protein Foods component.…”

Daily Lifestyle and Cutaneous Malignancies

“…Recent studies identified that fatty acids have bioactive actions in the human body with physiological and pathological effects. In the skin, fatty acids, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, positively and negatively drive inflammatory skin diseases and contribute to the development of cutaneous malignancies [ 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 ]. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites derived from fish and nuts have a beneficial impact on human skin diseases [ 134 , 135 , 136 ].…”

“…The “high-fish, low-meat, and low-fat” dietary pattern is not associated with the risk of melanoma thickness [ 133 ]. The risk of melanoma increases with the intake of omega-6 fatty acids [ 137 ] and decreases with the intake of omega-3 fatty acids [ 138 ].…”