Patterns of Resource Allocation in Fleshy Fruits of Nine European Tall-Shrub Species

Lee, William G.; Grubb, P. J.; Wilson, J. B.

doi:10.2307/3545238

Cited by 38 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…It is readily managed to form a dense hedge by layering and coppicing, is thorny and hence stockproof, and is hardy, although intolerant to shade and poor drainage (Brooks 1980). Hawthorn foliage acts as a host for a wide range of insect (Kennedy & Southwood 1984) and bird (Osborne 1984) species, and its berries also provide a valuable winter food-source for birds (Lee, Grubb & Bastow Wilson 1991). Although hawthorn is planted widely to encourage wildlife, it has, along with many other widespread species, been somewhat overlooked in terms of its own conservation biology, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of provenance on the performance of Crataegus monogyna in hedges

Jones

Hayes

Hamilton

2001

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary 1.Grants for wildlife enhancement in the British Isles have supported the widespread planting of new hedges along field margins. However, much of the planted material, particularly of hawthorn Crataegus monogyna , has been obtained from the continental mainland of Europe. There is a need to assess the implications of this practice for hedgerow performance and for the conservation of indigenous genetic variation. 2. One local ecotype and eight commercial provenances (four British and four continental European) of hawthorn were planted in an experimental hedge at both an exposed upland site and a sheltered lowland site. Sections of hedge were planted with or without fencing and with or without mulching in all combinations. Growth and thorniness were assessed over 3 years, and phenology and disease over 2 years. 3. At both sites, the most locally obtained provenance had the latest bud-burst, exhibited the least severe symptoms of mildew and was the most thorny. It also showed the greatest height increment at the upland site, but was relatively slow-growing at the lowland site.4. An imported Hungarian provenance had early bud-burst, showed a high growth rate and suffered the most severe mildew. A commercially obtained British native provenance was aberrant in its extremely early bud-burst and other attributes comparable with the Hungarian provenance, indicating the possibility of misidentification at some stage of production or supply. 5. In the absence of fencing, at the upland site hawthorn mortality was 100% compared with only 3% at the lowland site. In fenced plots there was c. 320% greater growth when mulching was used. 6. The results suggest that for greater establishment success and hence cost benefits in hedge planting, as well as for greater environmental benefits, there should be closer matching of hawthorn provenance to the planting site. The use of commercial material has demonstrated that locally provenanced material can be superior to any commercially available material, and that the current state of the commercial sector is insufficient to enforce the necessary controls over provenance of material used for hedge renovation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of provenance on the performance of Crataegus monogyna in hedges

Jones

Hayes

Hamilton

2001

Journal of Applied Ecology

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“…Sorensen 1981;Herrera 1987;Lee et al 1991). Moreover, the shrubs investigated exhibited marked differences in architec-ture, but these differences and their consequences are only partly understood (Küppers 1985;Snow & Snow 1988).…”

Section: Control Of Host-specific Seedling Density By Biological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Tutin et al 1964(Tutin et al -1980; only generic names are used later except for the two species of Viburnum, the only genus with more than one species. Further information on habitats and reproduction of the shrub species are given in Lee et al (1991).…”

Section: Experimental Site and Shrub Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment of fleshy‐fruited species under different shrub species: Control by under‐canopy environment

Kollmann

Grubb

1999

Ecological Research

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Seedling densities and the mortality of fleshy‐fruited species under 10 European tall‐shrub species and the tree Sorbus aria were analyzed in 10‐year‐old experimental scrub for one growing season. The mean total densities of seedlings of 18 fleshy‐fruited species differed under the different ‘hosts’, being highest under Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum opulus and Rosa canina (24–20 m−2); intermediate under Sorbus aria, Rhamnus catharticus, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare and Juniperus communis (17–12 m−2); and lowest under Euonymus europaeus, Viburnum lantana and Prunus spinosa (10–9 m−2). This ranking was similar for the 11 planted species and for nine bird‐dispersed, non‐planted species which invaded the site, notably Hedera helix and Solanum dulcamara. Within the experimental scrub as a whole mortality of seedlings differed significantly among species, being highest in those with the smallest number of recruits. Mortality ranged from 94% and 89% for Solanum dulcamara and Viburnum opulus to 26% for Hedera helix and Ligustrum vulgare. The mean mortality across all species of seedlings did not differ significantly between host species, although it was slightly higher under Juniperus and Cornus (56%, 53%) and lower under Viburnum lantana and Rhamnus (42%, 41%). In four species, the mortality of seedlings was significantly higher under conspecific adults. Mean topsoil water content after a dry spell was negatively correlated with the diffuse site factor (DSF). The mean density of accumulated seedlings of the most abundant seedling species (Hedera) was positively correlated with the topsoil water content. Densities of other species showed no strong correlations with either topsoil water content or DSF. The probable factors controlling recruitment are discussed.

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“…In the United Kingdom, Lee et al (1991) recorded a mean allocation of 66% to the fleshy part of the mesocarp in R. cathartica drupes, which was the highest allocation among nine shrub species. The comparatively large amount of flesh may be important in enforcing dormancy within undamaged drupes in the seed bank (see Section 8c).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growth and Development (a) Morphology * The fleshy fruits of R. cathartica are avoided by birds and used as a food of last resort, usually in late winter or early spring, but seeds in mummified drupes, either attached to the parent or shed in undamaged fruits, have prolonged seedling emergence patterns, which favour establishment of some individuals (see Section 8c). The endocarps of R. cathartica seeds are thin comparative to other species, facilitating germination in the early spring following their production (Godwin 1943; Lee et al 1991; see also Section 7d). Germination is epigeal, and the two heart-shaped cotyledons remain attached to the seedlings for several months, thus contributing to comparatively rapid seedling growth (Godwin 1943; Qaderi and Cavers, personal observations).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

The biology of Canadian weeds. 139. Rhamnus cathartica L.

Qaderi

Clements²,

Cavers³

2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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European buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica L., is an introduced shrub or small tree of forests, thickets, open pastures, hedgerows, roadsides, and riparian habitats. In Canada, it is found from Alberta east to the Maritimes, but is absent from Newfoundland. It is particularly abundant in southern Ontario. Problems arise from its status as an alternate host for the fungi Puccinia coronata Corda. f. sp. avenae Eriks., which causes crown rust and leaf rust of oats and for Puccinia coronata var. hordei Jin & Steff., which causes crown rust of barley. It is also the overwintering host for the recently invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, which has been described as a serious threat to soybean production in North America. Prolific fruit production, in combination with extensive seedling establishment and shade tolerance, allows R. cathartica to dominate an understorey quickly. Its ability to tolerate a wide range of conditions, at least in fairly moist areas, may lead to further expansion of its Canadian range. Control strategies should focus on reducing populations in close proximity to oats, soybeans or barley and to reduce its abundance in areas of ecological importance. Key words: Rhamnus cathartica, European buckthorn, Puccinia coronata, soybean aphid, weed biology

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Patterns of Resource Allocation in Fleshy Fruits of Nine European Tall-Shrub Species

Cited by 38 publications

References 47 publications

The effect of provenance on the performance of Crataegus monogyna in hedges

The effect of provenance on the performance of Crataegus monogyna in hedges

Recruitment of fleshy‐fruited species under different shrub species: Control by under‐canopy environment

The biology of Canadian weeds. 139. Rhamnus cathartica L.

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