Patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L.

Spörhase-Eichmann, Ulrike; Gras, Heribert; Schürmann, Friedrich‐Wilhelm

doi:10.1007/bf00217334

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The decrease in number of the immunopositive somata in the rostro-caudal direction observed in our study has previously been reported for other types of immunoreactivity in the earthworm CNS: serotonin (Spörhase-Eichmann et al 1987a), FMRFamide (Reglodi et al 1997b), gastrin and cholecystokinin (Reglodi et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Immunoreactivity to molluskan neuropeptides in the central and stomatogastric nervous systems of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.

Ierusalimsky

Balaban

2006

Cell Tissue Res

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Polyclonal antisera against two related command neuropeptides (CNP2 and CNP4) described in neurons of the terrestrial snail Helix were used in a study of the nervous system of the earthworm Lumbricus. The CNP-like peptides belong to the same neuropeptide subfamily and bear a C-terminal signature sequence Tyr-Pro-Arg-X. The distribution patterns of immunoreactive (IR) neurons were studied in the central nervous system (CNS), skin, and stomatogastric nervous system of the earthworm. IR neurons were found in all CNS ganglia, the patterns being similar for both antibodies used. Several clusters of IR cells were observed in the cerebral and subesophageal ganglia. In the ventral cord ganglia, the number of IR cells decreased in the rostro-caudal direction, and the IR cells sent their fibers mostly into the median fiber bundle. Segmental nerves contained no IR fibers. After injury of the worm body, the number of IR neurons in the CNS significantly increased. In the skin, IR sensory neurons were present in sensory buds. The stomatogastric ganglia only contained IR fibers. Numerous scattered IR neurons were found in the inner subepithelial layer of the esophagus and formed the enteric plexus in which the cell bodies displayed a segmentally repeated pattern. Possible involvement of CNP-like-IR neurons in central integratory processes, sensory processes, and the regulation of feeding is discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Various authors have suggested that, in view of its microanatomical features, the subesophageal ganglion is formed by the fusion of two (Spörhase-Eichmann et al 1987b) or three (Günther and Walther 1971) primordial ganglia.…”

Section: Colocalization Of Cnp2 and Cnp4 Immunoreactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoreactivity to molluskan neuropeptides in the central and stomatogastric nervous systems of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.

Ierusalimsky

Balaban

2006

Cell Tissue Res

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“…Immunohistochemical studies have shown that segmental ganglia of Annelida comprise repetitive units of neurons that contain particular neurotransmitters (Marsden and Kerkut 1969;Lent 1981;Spörhase-Eichmann et al 1987;Stent et al 1992;. Even in some "Oligochaeta", in which the ventral nerve cord is medullary and therefore shows no clear subdivision into ganglia, the same methods used in the present analysis still reveal functional and structural repetitive units, which correspond to the segmental organisation .…”

Section: Comparison With Nervous Systems Of Annelidamentioning

confidence: 68%

“…However, those that did lead to positive labelling allowed detailed reconstruction of neuronal structures. The labelled neurotransmitters and elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton have been found in a variety of taxa ranging from Cnidaria to Vertebrata (Steinbusch et al 1978;Elofsson and Carlberg 1989;Jackson et al 1995), and also in a number of Annelida (see, for example, Kuhlman et al 1985;Spörhase-Eichmann et al 1987;Stent et al 1992;Hessling and Purschke 2000;Müller and Westheide 2000), permitting comprehensive comparison with these species.…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metameric organisation of the nervous system in developmental stages of Urechis caupo (Echiura) and its phylogenetic implications

Hessling

2002

Zoomorphology

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The phylogenetic position of Echiura is still in continuous debate. The commonly accepted view regards Echiura as a distinct taxon, often classified as phylum, which forms the sister group of the Articulata. The alternative view considers Echiura to be a subtaxon of Annelida, which is supported by numerous shared characters. The correct systematic position of Echiura is inevitably linked to the presence or absence of true segmentation. The apparent lack of segmentation in Echiura is considered to be either primary, thereby supporting their exclusion from Annelida, or alternatively to be the result of reduction. The latter would clearly substantiate their classification as a subtaxon of Annelida. Immunohistochemical methods and confocal laser-scanning microscopy clearly demonstrate a metameric organisation of the nervous system in different larval stages of Urechis caupo, which corresponds to the segmental arrangement of ganglia in "typical" Annelida. This segmental pattern is reflected in the serially repetitive distribution of neurons containing the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and also in the corresponding distribution of strictly paired peripheral nerves. Precisely two pairs of peripheral nerves are associated with each of the repetitive units. This metameric pattern also corresponds to the transient annulation of the trunk, which is found in late larval stages. Other characters of the nervous system including the paired origin of the ventral nerve cord, the anterior-posterior development gradient and the presence of a distinct suboesophageal ganglion are also found accordingly in typical Annelida. These results are interpreted as an indication that Echiura are derived from formerly segmented ancestors, and thus support their systematic inclusion within Annelida.

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“…The specificity of the primary antisera used in the present study had been established previously in several invertebrates, including annelids (5-HT: Spörhase-Eichmann et al 1987;GABA: Telkes et al 1996;FMRFamide: Reglődi et al 1997a;PRO: Eckert and Ude 1983;Lengvári et al 1994;ETP: Ukena et al 1995. Control experiments were performed by omitting the primary antiserum from the first incubation and substituting it by 1% normal goat serum.…”

Section: Immunocytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 98%

Neurochemical characterization of nervous elements innervating the body wall of earthworms (Lumbricus, Eisenia): immunohistochemical and pharmacological studies

et al. 2005

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The distribution and chemical neuroanatomy of nervous elements and certain pharmacological-physiological characteristics of the innervation of the body wall in earthworms are described. Solitary sensory bipolar cells can be found among the epithelial cells. These bipolar cells contain serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase, histamine, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), Eisenia tetradecapeptide, proctolin or rhodopsin in various combinations. In the body wall, the plexus sub-muscularis is composed of nerve fibres only, whereas the plexus sub-epithelialis and muscularis also contain solitary nerve cells. These cells display histamine, GABA or neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. The fibres of the three plexuses are reactive to serotonin, histamine, Eisenia tetradecapeptide, proctolin, GABA and neuropeptide Y antibodies. FMRFamide-immunoreactive fibres of the plexus muscularis originate from the central nervous system, whereas axons containing the other studied molecules are derived from both peripheral and central structures. High pressure liquid chromatography assays have revealed serotonin, dopamine and histamine in the body wall. Contractions of the body wall musculature can be elicited with serotonin and FMRFamide. Serotonin-evoked contractions are suppressed by the application of GABA. Serotonin acts both directly on the muscle cell receptors and indirectly through initiating transmitter release from the nervous elements, whereas the FMRFamide-induced contractions seem to be mediated through the muscle cell receptors only. The pharmacological profiles of the serotonin and GABA receptors resemble those of the vertebrate 5-HT(3) and GABA(B) receptor types. Our findings indicate that both the sensory and efferent system of the annelid body wall operate by means of a variety of neuroactive compounds, suggesting a complex role of signalling systems in the regulation of this organ.

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Patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L.

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Immunoreactivity to molluskan neuropeptides in the central and stomatogastric nervous systems of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.

Immunoreactivity to molluskan neuropeptides in the central and stomatogastric nervous systems of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.

Metameric organisation of the nervous system in developmental stages of Urechis caupo (Echiura) and its phylogenetic implications

Neurochemical characterization of nervous elements innervating the body wall of earthworms (Lumbricus, Eisenia): immunohistochemical and pharmacological studies

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