This paper studies the effects of foreign influence on trade, focusing on the close relations between France and its former colonies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It shows that between 1960 and 1989-the golden age of French-African relations-France exported more to its former SSA colonies than to any comparable countries, while they did not export more to France. This excess of French exports concerned a large variety of products, and particularly luxury goods and products in which France was least competitive. An investigation of the underlying mechanisms shows that migration explains most of this additional trade.
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LAVALLÉE and LOCHARDIndeed, the trade distortions induced by colonial links are largely documented in the literature. Mitchener and Weidenmier (2008) find that belonging to an empire doubled trade during the Age of High Imperialism . Several papers show that independence reduces colonial trade, but stress that its effect is gradual. Head, Mayer, and Ries (2010) find that trade between a former colony and its colonizer is reduced by 65 percent on average after four decades, but that post-colonial trade does not exhibit immediate significant changes. In the same vein, Lavallée and Lochard (2015) show that independence reduces trade (imports and exports) with the former colonial power and that this effect is mainly driven by former French colonies. Their results also confirm the gradual deterioration of colonial trade, but indicate that it is slower and less important for imports than for exports of former colonies. These results are consistent with extensive empirical evidence that, even today, former colonies still trade disproportionately with their former colonizer. 2