The electrotransfer of naked DNA has recently been adapted to the transduction of skeletal muscle fibers. We investigated the short-and long-term efficacy of this methodology in wild-type animals and in mouse models of congenital muscular dystrophy (dy/dy, dy 2J /dy 2J ), or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mdx/mdx). Using a reporter construct, the short-term efficacy of fiber transduction reached 40% and was similar in wild-type, dy/dy and dy 2J /dy 2J animals, indicating that ongoing muscle fibrosis was not a major obstacle to the electrotransfer-mediated gene transfer. Although the complete rejection of transduced fibers was observed within 3 weeks in the absence of immunosuppression, the persistency was prolonged over 10 weeks when transient or continuous immunosuppressive regimens were used. Using