Pd-Functionalized SnO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Shaddock Peels as Bio-Templates for High Gas Sensing Performance toward Butane

Abstract

Pd-functionalized one-dimensional (1D) SnO2 nanostructures were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and shaddock peels were used as bio-templates to induce a 1D-fiber-like morphology into the gas sensing materials. The gas-sensing performances of sensors based on different ratios of Pd-functionalized SnO2 composites were measured. All results indicate that the sensor based on 5 mol % Pd-functionalized SnO2 composites exhibited significantly enhanced gas-sensing performances toward butane. With regard to pure SnO2, enhanced levels of gas response and selectivity were observed. With 5 mol % Pd-functionalized SnO2 composites, detection limits as low as 10 ppm with responses of 1.38 ± 0.26 were attained. Additionally, the sensor exhibited rapid response/recovery times (3.20/6.28 s) at 3000 ppm butane, good repeatability and long-term stability, demonstrating their potential in practical applications. The excellent gas-sensing performances are attributed to the unique one-dimensional morphology and the large internal surface area of sensing materials afforded using bio-templates, which provide more active sites for the reaction between butane molecules and adsorbed oxygen ions. The catalysis and “spillover effect” of Pd nanoparticles also play an important role in the sensing of butane gas as further discussed in the paper.

Inorganic-Diverse Nanostructured Materials for Volatile Organic Compound Sensing

“…Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 39 of 61 100 ppm)) with an estimated LOD of 5 ppm [357]. Similar to above research, Pd functionalized SnO2 nanofibers [366] used in the discrimination of butane at 260 °C (see Table 5), but its sensor response needs to be improved with further investigations. As an inclusion to the VOC sensory research, nanotubes (Pt-decorated CNTs, 3D TiO2/G-CNTs and hierarchical NiCo2O4 NTs) were demonstrated towards toluene or xylene discrimination [367][368][369].…”

“…Subsequently, V 2 O 5 nanofibers were noted as highly remarkable material to be employed in xylene detection at room temperature (R a /R g = 191 for 500 ppm at RT; response/recovery time = 80 s/50 s (for 100 ppm)) with an estimated LOD of ~ 5 ppm [ 357 ]. Similar to above research, Pd functionalized SnO 2 nanofibers [ 366 ] used in the discrimination of butane at 260 °C (see Table 5 ), but its sensor response needs to be improved with further investigations. As an inclusion to the VOC sensory research, nanotubes (Pt-decorated CNTs, 3D TiO 2 /G-CNTs and hierarchical NiCo 2 O 4 NTs) were demonstrated towards toluene or xylene discrimination [ 367 , 368 , 369 ].…”

“…As seen in Table 5, TiO2 NPs decorated G-CNTs seems to be an excellent candidate towards toluene detection at room temperature with a calculated LOD of 0.4 ppm [368]. Nanofibers, such as MOF-driven metal-embedded metal oxide (Pd@ZnO-WO 3 ) nanofibers, V 2 O 5 nanofibers, and Pd functionalized SnO 2 nanofibers were engaged in the determination of toluene, xylene, and butane, correspondingly [364][365][366]. Pd@ZnO-WO 3 nanofibers showed a high response to toluene (R a /R g = 22.22 for 1 ppm at 350 • C; response/recovery time ≤ 20 s/not available) with a LOD of 0.1 ppm, thereby become an impressive candidate apart from the working temperature [356].…”

Wide Working Temperature Range Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: A Critical Review

“…Analogously, ZIFs‐derived Co 3 O 4 nano‐boxes have been also utilized as coating materials to replace Super‐P nanoparticle coatings on polyimide‐based separators. [ 88 ] The as‐prepared Co 3 O 4 nanostructures might show stronger chemical interaction with LiPSs as compared to Super‐P nanoparticles, resulting in improved high‐temperature electrochemical properties. These all‐above fascinating achievements offers a rational guideline for lithium sulfur batteries operate at elevated temperatures.…”

Direct Construction of K-Fe3C@C Nanohybrids Utilizing Waste Biomass of Pomelo Peel as High-Performance Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts

“…Owing to abundant required elements and special coordination environments, pomelo peel has commercial potential for manufacturing porous carbon materials such as supercapacitors, adsorbents, sensing material, etc. [30][31][32][33][34], as well as fabricating heterogeneous catalysts, such as Cu/C catalyst [35], hierarchically porous LaFeO 3 perovskite [36], etc. However, to date, the synergistic effect of mineral elements in pomelo peel has never been investigated as intrinsic promoters of heterogeneous catalysts.…”