“…In contrast, the diversity-related variables help LSMOEAs find the solution sets with a better distribution. Existing decision-variable grouping strategies can be divided into fixed grouping strategies [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] and dynamic grouping strategies [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In a fixed grouping strategy, the grouping results do not change during the evolution process, i.e., the evolutionary algorithm for large-scale many-objective optimization, LMEA.…”