Peanut oil

Abstract

Conventional expeller and expeller/solvent extraction processes for peanuts are compared to the nonconventional processes of direct solvent extraction, cold pressing and nonhexane solvent processes. Peanut composition, cleaning and specific extraction procedures have a major impact on finished crude oil composition, refining characteristics, final oil and meal quality and utility. Special care in raw material and process selection must be taken when using crude peanut oil for direct edible or biofuel applications. Changes in world oil prices and protein market, US peanut quota and price support program and plant breeding will have a major impact on peanut oil availability and prices in the future.

Peanut oil: Compositional data

“…FFA and DAG levels vary considerably according to peanut maturity. As peanuts of the Florunner variety mature from the flattened and white immature stage to full maturity, FFA content decreases from 4.5 to 0.7%, and DAG content drops from 2.4 to 0.5% [40]. In addition, the degree of damage to the kernels also affects FFA content.…”

“…Sound mature peanuts generally have an FFA content of less than 0.5%. On occasions, if the peanuts are high in mold damage and/or very immature kernels, levels up to 5% are encountered [40]. As a result, high percentages of FFA may indicate poor handling, immaturity, mold growth, or other ester hydrolysis activity [17].…”

“…The PL content (0.3-0.7%) is low in peanut oil. The major PL in conventional peanut oils are the following: phosphatidylcholine (PC: 38.3-66.4%), phosphatidic acid (PA: 2.2-11.8%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE: 13.3-21.9%), phosphatidylinositol (PI: 15.7-30.9%), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG: non-reported up to 2.5%) [40,43,44]. Table 5 shows PL composition ranges of high-oleic peanut cultivars, comparing breeding lines with their parental lines [43].…”

Discrimination of processing grades of olive oil and other vegetable oils by monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters

“…It also appears that the concentrations of those three compounds in the refined peanut oil samples have the tendency to be higher than in the other two types of seed oils (particularly the MCPD esters in sample 12 and GEs in sample 6), although the number of peanut samples was limited. The results may be due to the peanut ripeness level result in high DAG levels in peanut oils which are the precursors of the esters (Akhtar, Khalid, Ahmed, Shahzad, & Suleria, 2014;Ayres, 1983).…”

Extraction of Alkaloids and Oil from Karanja (<i>Pongamia pinnata</i>) Seed

“…But with increased attention to protein for human diets, the industry is taking a careful look at the effects of pre-and post-oil removal conditions on meal characteristics [15]. So, if the Pongamia pinnata seed meal, which is a byproduct of oil recovery plants, containing a higher percentage of protein, can be free from alkaloids and could be a source of supplementary protein for human diet and the alkaloids might be also the effective natural drugs for suffering humanity.…”