Pearling and Political Power in the Trucial States, 1850–1930: Debts, Taxes, and Politics

Hightower, Victoria Penziner

doi:10.1080/21534764.2013.863679

Cited by 5 publications

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“…For a sheikh, granting asylum to a runaway debtor was seen as an important political gesture and a challenge to the authority of a neighbouring sheikh. 66 In the 1870s, conflicts and outbreaks of violence called in some cases for the intervention of the Resident. 67 India and its representative in Bushire, Edward C. Ross rapidly came to see the existence of these runaway debtors as a threat to the peace at sea and to the political and socio-economic balance of this buffer zone of the Indian empire: 'The maintenance of peace and friendly relations amongst the chiefs and people of Oman will lead to the prosperity of the country'.…”

Section: India and The Globalization Of The Gulf Pearl: Protecting Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

The British Empire in India, the Gulf pearl and the making of the Middle East

Crouzet

2019

Middle Eastern Studies

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Section: India and The Globalization Of The Gulf Pearl: Protecting Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

The British Empire in India, the Gulf pearl and the making of the Middle East

Crouzet

2019

Middle Eastern Studies

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Seasonal Activities on the Sea

Varisco¹

2022

Seasonal Knowledge and the Almanac Tradition in the Arab Gulf

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Coercive Distribution

Albertus

Fenner

Slater

2018

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Kazakhstan, an oil producer since 1911, has the second-largest oil reserves and the second-largest oil production among the former Soviet republics after Russia.Kazakhstan is a major oil producer. The country's estimated total petroleum and other liquids production was 1.698 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2016. The key to its continued growth in liquids production from this level is the development of its giant Tengiz, Karachaganak, and Kashagan fields. Development of additional export capacity will also be necessary for production growth.Although Kazakhstan became an oil producer in 1911, its production did not increase to a meaningful level until the 1960s and 1970s, when production plateaued at nearly 500,000 b/d, a pre-Soviet independence record production level. Since the mid-1990s, and with the help of major international oil companies, Kazakhstan's production first exceeded 1 million b/d in 2003.Oil field development in Kazakhstan reached two milestones in 2016. In October 2016, the giant Kashagan field resumed production after years of delays. Kashagan is expected to produce 370,000 b/d of liquids at full capacity. Additionally, in July 2016, The Tengizchevroil consortium decided to proceed with expansion plans that should increase liquids production at the Tengiz project by about 260,000 b/d beginning in 2022.Kazakhstan is landlocked and is far from international oil markets. The lack of access to the open ocean makes the country dependent mainly on pipelines to transport its hydrocarbons to world markets. Kazakhstan is also a transit country for oil and natural gas pipeline exports to China. Kazakhstan consumed 2.66 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of energy in 2014, with coal accounting for the largest share of energy consumed (63%), followed by petroleum and natural gas (18% and 16%, respectively) (Figure 2). Kazakhstan is a Caspian Sea littoral state. The legal status of the Caspian area remains unresolved, mainly driven by a lack of agreement on whether the Caspian is a sea or a lake. Until all states agree on a definition, the legal status of the area will remain unresolved.

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Pearling and Political Power in the Trucial States, 1850–1930: Debts, Taxes, and Politics

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

The British Empire in India, the Gulf pearl and the making of the Middle East

The British Empire in India, the Gulf pearl and the making of the Middle East

Seasonal Activities on the Sea

Coercive Distribution

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