Peasantry in a Well-protected Domain: Wallachian Peasantry and Muslim <i>Çiftlik</i>/<i>Kışlaks</i> under the Ottoman Rule

Yıldız, Aysel; Kokdaş, İrfan

doi:10.1080/19448953.2018.1506303

Cited by 5 publications

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“…69 Examples abound of such entrepreneurial officials, such as a cavalry officer who founded a soap factory dynasty, 70 or janissaries who engaged in moneylending and invested in agricultural estates (çiftlik), animal farms (ḳışlaḳ), as well as beehives that produced honey for Ottoman and foreign markets. 71 Jurists, dragomans, and governors, too, took part in moneylending or borrowed on credit while serving in their official roles, forging business partnerships across religious lines and with European consuls and merchants. 72 Despite this fervent activity, the normative position that officials should steer clear from the realm of commerce endured in intellectual writings until the late eighteenth century.…”

Section: Commercial Expansion and Changing Social Boundaries In The E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mystery of the Missing Horses: How to Uncover an Ottoman Shadow Economy

Hwee

2022

Comp Stud Soc Hist

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In the 1690s, Ottoman bureaucrats reformed the sprawling postal system, a vital communications infrastructure that undergirded imperial power. Despite the expanding monitoring capacity that resulted, a constant shortage of horses regularly left couriers stranded for days and delayed official correspondence. This essay investigates this paradox and draws on a series of fifty-one Ottoman imperial decrees and reports from 1690 to 1833 to make three arguments. It first shows how bureaucrats perceived and tried to fix the problem by rationing horse usage and strengthening enforcement of rules. Second, it reveals that a range of official and non-official actors were diverting horses toward profit-making ventures in what I call a “shadow economy.” Third, it explains why Ottoman bureaucrats were unable to recognize the existence of this shadow economy. Like contemporary administrators in Qing China who found it hard to synthesize intelligence from different frontiers, Ottoman bureaucrats treated multiple reports of missing horses as discrete, unconnected events rather than connected evidence of a competing market demand for horses. Compounding this problem of a blinkered informational order, profound economic and social changes meant that bureaucrats in the capital were slow to realize that long-held official entitlements regarding horse usage for personal uses were aiding the growth of the shadow economy. I conclude by considering some social consequences of commercial forces in Ottoman society and contemporary France, and the stakes of this study with respect to the rise of anonymity in market exchanges, a property of capitalism.

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Section: Commercial Expansion and Changing Social Boundaries In The E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mystery of the Missing Horses: How to Uncover an Ottoman Shadow Economy

Hwee

2022

Comp Stud Soc Hist

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Negotiating Religion, Moral Economy and Economic Ideas in the Late Ottoman Empire: Perspectives of Peasants and the Intelligentsia

Aytekin

2023

Palgrave Studies in Economic History

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Analysis of Vineyard Transfers in an Ottoman Semi-Peripheral Town: Vineyard Market in Ruse in 17th-18th Centuries

BAŞ

2023

Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi

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Erken modern dönemde bağlar, şehirlilerin kırsal ile kurdukları ekonomik ilişki türlerinden biridir. Küçük boyutları, çok sayıları ve ucuz fiyatlarıyla bir Osmanlı sınır kasabası olan Rusçuk’ta pek çok şehirlinin sahip olduğu bağların kırsal gayrimenkul piyasasındaki sirkülasyonu bir hayli yüksektir. Bu sirkülasyonun en temel göstergelerinden olan ve kadı sicillerine kaydedilen bağ devir sözleşmelerinde devredenin ve devredilenin isim ve unvanlarına, genellikle devredenin fakat kimi zaman devredilenin ikametine ve devredilen bağın çeşitli özelliklerine dair çok önemli bilgiler bulunur. Bu bakımdan Rusçuk’taki kadı sicillerinde kaydedilmiş hibe veya satış türünden bağ devir sözleşmeleri üzerinden bağ sahiplerinin profillerindeki değişimleri takip etmek mümkündür. Bu zenginliğine rağmen bağ devir sözleşmeleri, literatürde şehirlilerin ev alım-satımları kadar rağbet görmemiştir. Bu çalışma, muhallefat kayıtları ve mufassal cizye tahrir defterlerinden elde edilen bilgilerle de zenginleştirilen, temel olarak bağ satış ve hibe kayıtlarının sunduğu veriler üzerinden bağ piyasasındaki bağ sahiplerinin profillerindeki uzun dönemli değişim ve kırılmaları analiz etmeyi amaçlar. Böylece bu tür kırsal gayrimenkul alım-satım sözleşmelerine hak ettiği ilginin uyandırılması ve bunun gibi çalışmaların yapılmasını teşvik etmesi umulur.

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Peasantry in a Well-protected Domain: Wallachian Peasantry and Muslim Çiftlik/Kışlaks under the Ottoman Rule

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Mystery of the Missing Horses: How to Uncover an Ottoman Shadow Economy

The Mystery of the Missing Horses: How to Uncover an Ottoman Shadow Economy

Negotiating Religion, Moral Economy and Economic Ideas in the Late Ottoman Empire: Perspectives of Peasants and the Intelligentsia

Analysis of Vineyard Transfers in an Ottoman Semi-Peripheral Town: Vineyard Market in Ruse in 17th-18th Centuries

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