This study explores how the monetization and commercialization of rural economy, peasant mobility, and the changing power of landholders in the countryside affected the nature of Salonikan society throughout the eighteenth century. It analyzes the ways in which the emerging power relations in rural areas altered both the status of different social groups and the contours of local administration in an Ottoman provincial setting. It aims to show that the new rural-urban dynamics not only shaped the political alliances and the workings of state, but also set stage for the Ottoman interventionist policy in Salonika. By writing the rural dynamics into the historical narrative, Kokdas’s article thus provides a new understanding of the link between the town-country relationship and the sociopolitical transformation of provincial society in the early modern Ottoman world.
This article focuses on children taken by Istanbulite families for upbringing and employment in the Ottoman capital during the 1800–1900 period. It suggests that domestic child labor which was shaped by the concept of ‘charity’ and economic interests during the first half of the nineteenth century progressively turned into wage labor during the second half of the century. The study claims that the nineteenth century witnessed a transformation of labor relations in the domestic service market, implying the transition from reciprocal to commodified labor. The labor of children employed in domestic services underwent a monetization process throughout the nineteenth century. Parallel to this monetization, the status of children under foster care or in domestic service came to be determined by standardized legal contracts.
Yava cizyesi kayıtları ile tahrir ve nüfus defterlerine dayanan ve 17. yüzyıl İzmiri'nde çok katmanlı Ermeni toplumunun oluşumuna odaklanan bu çalışma, kentteki Ermeni göçmenlerin iki ana gruptan oluştuğunu göstermektedir. İlk grup, Acem tüccarları ile onların İranlı hemşehrilerinden oluşurken ikinci grup ise İzmir'de kalıcı ve geçici bir şekilde çalışmak için Anadolu'nun sınırlı sayıdaki yerlerinden gelen Ermenilerden oluşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda 17. yüzyıl Anadolusu'ndaki Ermeni hareketliliğinin sadece ahalinin yerlerinden sağa sola dağılmasını değil aynı zamanda hemşehri bağlantıları sayesinde zincirleme göçleri de içerdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, her ne kadar tekstil, kuyumculuk ve inşaat gibi bazı sektörlerde hemşehri yoğunlaşmalarına işaret etse de aynı yerlerden kente gelen Ermenilerin genellikle farklı iş kollarında çalıştıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca vasıflı ve sermaye gerektiren alanlardaki işlerin, Batı Anadolu havzasından gelen Ermeniler tarafından, daha yoğun emek ve çok fazla maddi birikim gerektirmeyen sektörlerdeki işlerinse Orta ve Doğu Anadolu'dan gelen Ermeniler tarafından yapıldığını göstermektedir. Bu durum, bölgesel farklılıkların Ermeni göç kalıplarının oluşumuna ve erken modern İzmir'deki işgücü yapısının şekillenmesi üzerindeki muhtemel etkisine işaret etmektedir.
This article studies how the emergence of new political elites and changes in land tenure relationships shaped the socio-economic profile of local credit markets in the Ottoman Balkans between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. By using probate inventories and court records for the cities of Salonika (including Karaferye), Vidin and Ruse, I compare how the expansion of tax-farming institutions and the concentration of land ownership influenced the social characteristics of lending activities. I find that, in spite of institutional and political similarities, the evolution of local credit markets did not follow a homogeneous pattern. Contrary to the consensus view in the existing literature, local political and military elites, which most tax farmers and large landowners belonged to, did not play a dominant role as moneylenders. Civilians (such as merchants and artisans) together with other social groups, including janissaries and religious functionaries, provided the bulk of informal credit to local communities (including elites) in the three urban areas.
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