Pectoralis major muscle defect and Poland complex

Abstract

Pectoralis major muscle defect (PMD) was diagnosed in 27 infants from a series of 599,109 live births in South America (1/22,189). In all 27 cases the PMD was unilateral, mainly affecting the right side (20/27), and there were more male (19/27) than female cases. No familial cases and no parental consanguinity were recorded. A positive correlation was observed between PMD and sex hormone intake and vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. In 12 (1/49,925) of the 27 PMD cases hypoplasia and/or syndactyly of the ipsilateral hand was also diagnosed. The index-middle interdigital space was affected in all 11 cases with symbrachydactyly. Additional congenital anomalies were observed in 4/27 cases, and they were: hemangiomas, hypospadias, and clubfeet. Poland complex (12 cases), isolated PMD (15 cases), and isolated symbrachydactyly (18 cases), showed a similar pattern for symmetry, sidedness, syndactyly type, and sex ratio.

Pectoralis major defect and Poland sequence in second cousins: Extension of the Poland sequence spectrum

“…The present family adds to the evidence that they are. The Poland anomaly is so rare (1/36,000-1/50,000 [Castilla et al, 1979;Lowry and Bouvet, 19831) that its occurrence in a second cousin of our propositus with isolated pectoralis defect is unlikely to be coincidental. There are now reports of the Poland sequence in first cousins [Lowry and Bouvet, 19831, first cousins once removed [David, 19831, and second cousins (present case), as well as sibs [Lowry and Bouvet, 19831.…”

“…In four reported series [Castilla et al, 1979;David, 1982;Ireland et al, 1976;McGillivray and Lowry, 19771 there were no affected individuals among the relatives of 121 cases of Poland syndrome and 47 cases of isolated pectoral defect. Nevertheless, counsellees should be made aware of the small chance that the condition may occur, in one of its various forms, elsewhere in the family.…”

Syndactyly: Frequency of specific types

“…), 1 1 cases had a Poland complex including syndactyly , and four had pseudo-syndactyly due to amniotic bands. The cases with combined limb anomalies and those with Poland complex were described earlier (Castilla et al, 1977(Castilla et al, , 1979. Thus, we present here 174 cases: 133 of isolated and 41 of syndromal syndactyly.…”

Neurofibroma and Pectoralis Muscle Hypoplasia: A Mild Degree of Poland’s Syndrome

“…However, this case was considered as familial PS. Other cases have also been reported in which the chest wall defect was not accompanied by any limb abnormalities [15]. Furthermore, Perez Aznar et al [16] considered that hypoplasia of 1 breast or a horizontal anterior axillary fold may be the sole clinical manifestation of this syndrome.…”