Pedestrian and Multi-Class Vehicle Classification in Radar Systems Using Rulex Software on the Raspberry Pi

Abstract

Nowadays, cities can be perceived as increasingly dangerous places. Usually, CCTV is one of the main technologies used in a modern security system. However, poor light situations or bad weather conditions (rain, fog, etc.) limit the detection capabilities of image-based systems. Microwave radar detection systems can be an answer to this limitation and take advantage of the results obtained by low-cost technologies for the automotive market. Transportation by car may be dangerous, and every year car accidents lead to the fatalities of many individuals. Humans require automated assistance when driving through detecting and correctly classifying approaching vehicles and, more importantly, pedestrians. In this paper, we present the application of machine learning to data collected by a 24 GHz short-range radar for urban classification. The training and testing take place on a Raspberry Pi as an edge computing node operating in a client/server arrangement. The software of choice is Rulex, a high-performance machine learning package controlled through a remote interface. Forecasts with a varying number of classes were performed with one, two, or three classes for vehicles and one for humans. Furthermore, we applied a single forecast for all four classes, as well as cascading forecasts in a tree-like structure while varying algorithms, cascading the block order, setting class weights, and varying the data splitting ratio for each forecast to improve prediction accuracy. In the experiments carried out for the validation of the presented approach, an accuracy of up to 100% for human classification and 96.67% for vehicles, in general, was obtained. Vehicle sub-classes were predicted with 90.63% accuracy for motorcycles and 77.34% accuracy for both cars and trucks.

Porting Rulex Software to the Raspberry Pi for Machine Learning Applications on the Edge

“…Namely, Car, Truck, and Motorcycle where the dataset contains 120 records. In [ 27 ], a multiclass tree-based classification technique was implemented to improve the prediction accuracy using this dataset.…”

Multi-Input Deep Learning Based FMCW Radar Signal Classification

“…Lee et al [23] used CNN as an identifier using power-normalized Cepstral coefficients (PNCC) as a feature for the identification of underwater objects in the active sonar. Daher et al [24] identified various classes based on Rulex [25], a high-performance machine learning package, using 24 GHz radar data. Forecasts with a varying number of classes were performed with one, two, or three classes of vehicles and one for humans.…”

Optimization of AUTOSAR Communication Stack in the Context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

“…Moreover, instead of relying on multiple algorithms, the solution outputs the desired likelihood directly. Also focusing on optimizing the classification of moving objects, Ali Walid Daher et al [ 41 ] present a solution by applying machine learning. By using a Raspberry Pi for the training and testing purpose, IoT is introduced in their work.…”