Pedestrian Behavior at Bottlenecks

Hoogendoorn, Serge P.; Daamen, Winnie

doi:10.1287/trsc.1040.0102

Cited by 467 publications

(300 citation statements)

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“…Several experimental and simulation studies have been performed to analyse the pedestrian flow characteristics in bottleneck with unidirectional and bidirectional flows. Hoogendoorn and Daamen [7] found that, with the increase in bottleneck width the capacity increases in a stepwise manner because of zipper effect. Whereas, Seyfried et al [8], Tian et al [30] shows that flow is linearly increasing with bottleneck width.…”

Section: Bottlenecksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So it may not be appropriate to adopt one region design values for the design of another region's pedestrian facilities. Many researchers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] have conducted considerable amount of studies on pedestrian dynamics and developed numerous models over the past decades. For developing these models, researchers adopted different approaches such as experimental, field and simulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review

Vanumu

Rao

Tiwari

2017

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Introduction The dimensionality of pedestrian infrastructure facilities have a great influence on pedestrian movements and a considerable impact on natural environment of the facility. Understanding the pedestrian movements are crucial to estimate the capacity of the system accurately, especially in the transportation terminals such as railway stations, bus terminals, airports and so forth, where large crowd gathers and transfers. To have a safe and comfortable movement in normal situation and also a quick evacuation in emergency situation, pedestrian movement patterns should be analysed and modelled properly. Purpose Once the behaviour of pedestrians is established in terms of speed and density with respect to the environment, even for the colossal systems, the pedestrian flow characteristics can be modelled by applying extremely efficient simulations. The main modelling element in the context of flow models is the fundamental relationship among speed, flow and density. The objective of this study is to review the fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics developed for various flow types and geometric elements. This paper also discusses the design values of flow parameters and walking speeds of pedestrians at various facilities.Methods In order to achieve the goal of this paper, we presented a systematic review of fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics developed by using various approaches such as field, experimental and simulation.Conclusions After a thorough review of literature, this paper identifies certain research gaps which provides an opportunity to enhance the understanding of fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics.

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Section: Bottlenecksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review

Vanumu

Rao

Tiwari

2017

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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“…Bottlenecks are areas in which there is a significant capacity drop in pedestrian movement, such as a narrow doorway in a corridor, where jamming occurs when the incoming flow exceeds the capacity of the bottleneck (Seyfried et al, 2009). Hoogendoorn and Daamen (2005) observed that during such a jam, pedestrians form layers, and while trying to navigate through a door one metre wide, the width of these layers will become less than the effective width of a pedestrian, causing them to overlap. Effectively, when passing through a bottleneck, people come in close proximity, effectively moving into each other's personal space, which enables close contact such as getting within arm's reach of one another.…”

Section: Bottlenecksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, reducing the number of people using the transport system or widening all bus doors is an unrealistic solution. Alternatively, other factors also influence crowding in a bottleneck, such as the behaviour of passengers passing through (Hoogendoorn and Daamen 2005). People's behaviour is influenced by their environment (Evans 2009).…”

Section: The Self-organizational Behaviour Of Crowdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowd Spatial Patterns at Bus Stops: Security Implications and Effects of Warning Messages

Solymosi

Borrion²,

Fujiyama³

2015

Safety and Security in Transit Environments

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As demonstrated throughout this book, the risk of certain types of crime can increase in congested spaces. Contact crimes, crimes which require the offender to make physical contact with the victim, are especially common in more crowded transport networks and can discourage many would-be passengers (Brand and Price, 2000). Pickpocketing makes up a substantial portion of this, accounting for around 50 per cent of all crime on London’s transport network (Transport for London, 2012). Other chapters in this volume have emphasized the link between pickpocketing and bus stops, and this chapter will delve deeper into the mechanics of crowding at bus stops, and implications for pickpocketing and risk.

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“…We consider a number of different experiments of varying complexity. More specifically, we consider two experiments: the crossing flow experiment from Hoogendoorn and Daamen (2005), and the merging flow experiment described in Haghani and Sarvi (2016).…”

Section: Experimental Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram for pedestrian networks: Theory and applications

Hoogendoorn

Daamen

Knoop

et al. 2018

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

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The Macroscopic Fundamental diagram (MFD) has proven to be a powerful concept in understanding and managing vehicular network dynamics, both from a theoretical angle and from a more application-oriented perspective. In this contribution, we explore the existence and the characteristics of the pedestrian Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (p-MFD). From a theoretical perspective, the main contribution of this research shows how we can derive the p-MFD from assumed local fundamental diagrams (FDs). We show that we can relate the average (out-) flow from a pedestrian network as a function of the average spatial density and the density spatial variation . We show that the latter is essential to provide a reasonable description of the overall network conditions. For simple linear relations between density and speed, we derive analytical results; for more commonly used FDs in pedestrian flow theory we show the resulting relation using a straightforward simulation approach. As a secondary contribution of the paper, we show how the p-MFD can be constructed from pedestrian trajectory data stemming from either microsimulation or from experimental studies. The results found are in line with the theoretical result, providing further evidence for the validity of the p-MFD concept. We furthermore discuss concepts of hysteresis, due to the differences in the queue build up and recuperation phases. We end with applications of the presented concepts, e.g. in crowd management. AbstractThe Macroscopic Fundamental diagram (MFD) has proven to be a powerful concept in understanding and managing vehicular network dynamics, both from a theoretical angle and from a more application-oriented perspective. In this contribution, we explore the existence and the characteristics of the pedestrian Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (p-MFD). From a theoretical perspective, the main contribution of this research shows how we can derive the p-MFD from assumed local fundamental diagrams (FDs). We show that we can relate the average (out-) flow from a pedestrian network as a function of the average spatial density and the density spatial variation . We show that the latter is essential to provide a reasonable description of the overall network conditions. For simple linear relations between density and speed, we derive analytical results; for more commonly used FDs in pedestrian flow theory we show the resulting relation using a straightforward simulation approach. As a secondary contribution of the paper, we show how the p-MFD can be constructed from pedestrian trajectory data stemming from either microsimulation or from experimental studies. The results found are in line with the theoretical result, providing further evidence for the validity of the p-MFD concept. We furthermore discuss concepts of hysteresis, due to the differences in the queue build up and recuperation phases. We end with applications of the presented concepts, e.g. in crowd management.

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Pedestrian Behavior at Bottlenecks

Cited by 467 publications

References 10 publications

Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review

Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review

Crowd Spatial Patterns at Bus Stops: Security Implications and Effects of Warning Messages

Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram for pedestrian networks: Theory and applications

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