Pediatric Anthropometry

Klinich, Kathleen D.; Reed, Matthew P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4154-0_1

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…To obtain a rough measure of neck extension, we compared infants’ trunk angle to the complement of their head pitch angle. While crawling, infants craned their necks at about the maximum extension (60–90 degrees) reported in the literature for children and adults in a stationary standing or sitting position (Klinich & Reed, 2013; Lewandowski & Szulc, 2003; Lynch-Caris et al, 2008; Ohman & Beckung, 2008; Youdas et al, 1992): average extension for the four infants ranged from 49.19 to 81.65 degrees. This indicates that infants failed to point their heads up while crawling because they had reached their physical limits.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Thus, with the neck in a neutral position, walkers’ faces are pointed straight ahead, but crawlers’ faces are pointed toward the ground. The total range of up-down motion of the neck is approximately 150 degrees, comprising about 70 degrees of flexion to rotate the head downward and 80 degrees of extension to rotate the head upward (Klinich & Reed, 2013; Lewandowski & Szulc, 2003; Lynch-Caris, Majeske, Brelin-Fornari, & Nashi, 2008; Ohman & Beckung, 2008; Youdas et al, 1992). To point their faces straight ahead (that is, to bring the absolute pitch angle of the head to parallel), crawlers would need to extend their necks to the outer reaches of the range of motion.…”

Section: Vision Is a Whole Body Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crawling and Walking Infants See the World Differently

2013

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How does visual experience change over development? To investigate changes in visual input over the developmental transition from crawling to walking, thirty 13-month-olds crawled or walked down a straight path wearing a head-mounted eye-tracker that recorded gaze direction and head-centered field of view. Thirteen additional infants wore a motion-tracker that recorded head orientation. Compared with walkers, crawlers’ field of view contained less walls and more floor. Walkers directed gaze straight ahead at caregivers, whereas crawlers looked down at the floor. Crawlers obtained visual information about targets at higher elevations—caregivers and toys—by craning their heads upward and sitting up to bring the room into view. Findings indicate that visual experiences are intimately tied to infants’ posture.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Vision Is a Whole Body Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crawling and Walking Infants See the World Differently

2013

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“…The only recent comprehensive anthropometric data of children were carried out in 70's by university of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) by research team led by Snyder. This forms the basis of most US contemporary child body dimensions [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anthropometric Comparison of Three-Year-Old Nigerian Child and Crash Dummies

Rafukka¹,

Sahari²,

Abdulaziz³

et al. 2016

JTTs

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In this work, anthropometric data measured from three-year-old Nigerian child were compared with United States anthropometric database collected by Snyder, 1977 which formed the basis of US anthropometry used today. Further comparison was also carried out with the dimensions of crash dummies: Hybrid III three-year-old (HIII 3YO) and Q3s dummies in order to determine the validity of using such crash dummies for safety evaluation of cars and child restraint systems (CRS) used for Nigerian children. Anthropometric survey was performed on 30 Nigerian children aged 2.5 to 3.5 years old. Twenty three standard measurements were taken from each child including the weight, height and circumferences etc. Various percentiles mean and standard deviation values were obtained and compared with international database. As observed, the dimensions of three-year-old Nigerian child appeared to be about 25% lower than US data reported by Snyder. Significant difference was also found between the dimensions of three-year-old Nigerian child and crash dummies. This study provides the external dimensions of 3-year-old Nigerian child that could be used for crash dummy and CRS design.

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Pediatric Anthropometry

Cited by 2 publications

References 27 publications

Crawling and Walking Infants See the World Differently

Crawling and Walking Infants See the World Differently

Anthropometric Comparison of Three-Year-Old Nigerian Child and Crash Dummies

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