Pediatric Drugs-A Review of Commercially Available Oral Formulations

Strickley, Robert G.; Iwata, Quynh; Wu, Sylvia; Dahl, Terrence C.

doi:10.1002/jps.21101

Cited by 140 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In response, pharmaceutical companies have developed various novel pediatric formulations; some of which have already been launched into the market (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, oral delivery of pediatric drugs is preferred over other delivery routes since it is convenient, economical, and user-friendly (1). Prednisone is a glucocorticoid prodrug which converts to its active metabolite prednisolone in the liver (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although prednisone has therapeutic uses for many pediatric diseases, there are several challenges that should be addressed with the oral delivery of this drug. These challenges include: (1) it is sparingly soluble in water and has low bioavailability, therefore, any liquid formulation must include organic solvents; (2) it has low tolerance depending on the dose strength and can cause fluctuation in overall absorption; (3) it should be in a dosage form which could be swallowed readily; and (4) it has extremely bitter taste which requires better palatability through taste masking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Mini-Tablet of Co-Grinded Prednisone–Neusilin Complex for Pediatric Use

et al. 2013

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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to enhance the dissolution rate of prednisone by co-grinding with Neusilin to form a complex that can be incorporated into a mini-tablet formulation for pediatrics. Prednisone-Neusilin complex was co-grinded at various ratios (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:7). The physicochemical properties of the complex were characterized by various analytical techniques including: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size, surface area, solubility, and dissolution rate. The co-grinded prednisone-Neusilin complex (1:7) was blended with other excipients and was formulated into a 2-mm diameter mini-tablet. The minitablets were further evaluated for thickness, weight, content uniformity, and dissolution rate. To improve taste masking and stability, mini-tablets were coated by dip coating with Eudragit® EPO solution. DSC and XRPD results showed that prednisone was transformed from crystalline state into amorphous state after co-grinding with Neusilin. Particle size, surface area, and SEM results confirmed that prednisone was adsorbed to Neusilin's surface. Co-grinded prednisone-Neusilin complex (1:7) had a solubility of 0.24 mg/ mL and 90% dissolved within 20 min as compared to crystalline prednisone which had a solubility of 0.117 mg/mL and 30% dissolved within 20 min. The mini-tablets containing co-grinded prednisoneNeusilin complex (1:7) exhibited acceptable physicochemical and mechanical properties including dissolution rate enhancement. These mini-tablets were successfully dip coated in Eudragit® EPO solution to mask the taste of the drug during swallowing. This work illustrates the potential use of co-grinded prednisone-Neusilin to enhance solubility and dissolution rate as well as incorporation into a mini-tablet formulation for pediatric use.

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“…In response, pharmaceutical companies have developed various novel pediatric formulations; some of which have already been launched into the market (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Mini-Tablet of Co-Grinded Prednisone–Neusilin Complex for Pediatric Use

et al. 2013

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“…Regardless of its owner, the repository would be a "living" organ built to aid evidence-based use and preparation of medications. [27][28][29] and can easily serve as the initial agents in the pCNP repository. The indications-based dosing information sub-directory can begin with oncologic-related preparations formulated within the protocols from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) [30].…”

Section: Pcnp Repository Design Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Effectiveness in Electronic Prescriptions for Pediatric Outpatients: A Call for Responsive Action

et al. 2014

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A pediatric compounded non-sterile products repository (pCNP) to optimize the effectiveness and safety of "off-label" use of compounded pharmacotherapy through complete transmission of electronic prescriptions across the continuum of care is described. The advent of electronic prescribing has the potential to refocus and resolve long-standing issues of prescription therapy for pediatric patients related to formulation, indication, dosing, and outcomes follow-up, among others. This white paper describes the architecture and function of the pCNP repository. Further, it calls on professional societies, health information technology (HIT) and pharmaceutical industries, universities, and government to create a safer pediatric pharmacotherapy system across the continuum of care. This system would include pCNPs within the existing federal and corporate database structures for medical language, and integrates advanced system safety features as requirements for prescribing, compounding, and dispensing non-mass produced prescription therapies for children.

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“…But nowadays, very highly charged concentrated suspensions in aqueous solutions can be developed in laboratories and industries. One such case is that of ceramic slurries: stable concentrated dispersions with particles bearing a high surface charge (either pH-or additive-dependent) produce the best green-body properties [36,37], and the same applies to pigments and paper fillers or coatings [38,39], or pharmaceutical suspensions [40,41], very often used with solids loads well above 20 %. In all these instances it is mandatory to revise the influence of the latter simplifications as well as their limits of applicability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General electrokinetic model for concentrated suspensions in aqueous electrolyte solutions: Electrophoretic mobility and electrical conductivity in static electric fields

Carrique

Roa

Arroyo

et al. 2015

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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In recent years different electrokinetic cell models for concentrated colloidal suspensions in aqueous electrolyte solutions have been developed. They share some of its premises with the standard electrokinetic model for dilute colloidal suspensions, in particular, neglecting both the specific role of the so-called added counterions (i.e., those released by the particles to the solution as they get charged), and the realistic chemistry of the aqueous solution on such electrokinetic phenomena as electrophoresis and electrical conductivity.These assumptions, while having been accepted for dilute conditions (volume fractions of solids well below 1 %, say), are now questioned when dealing with concentrated suspensions.In this work, we present a general electrokinetic cell model for such kind of systems, including the mentioned effects, and we also carry out a comparative study with the standard treatment (the standard solution only contains the ions that one purposely adds, without ionic contributions from particle charging or water chemistry). We also consider an intermediate model that neglects the realistic aqueous chemistry of the solution but accounts for the correct contribution of the added counterions. The results show the limits of applicability of the classical assumptions and allow one to better understand the relative role of the added counterions and ions stemming from the electrolyte in a realistic aqueous solution, on electrokinetic properties. For example, at low salt concentrations the realistic effects of the aqueous solution are the dominant ones, while as salt concentration is increased, it is this that progressively takes the control of the electrokinetic response for low to moderate volume fractions. As expected, if the solids concentration is high enough the added counterions will play the dominant role (more important the higher the particle surface charge), no matter the salt concentration if it is not too high. We hope this work can help in setting up the real limits of applicability of the standard cell model for concentrated suspensions by a quantitative 4 analysis of the different effects that have been classically disregarded, showing that in many cases they can be determinant to get rigorous predictions.

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Pediatric Drugs-A Review of Commercially Available Oral Formulations

Cited by 140 publications

References 8 publications

Development of a Mini-Tablet of Co-Grinded Prednisone–Neusilin Complex for Pediatric Use

Development of a Mini-Tablet of Co-Grinded Prednisone–Neusilin Complex for Pediatric Use

Optimizing Effectiveness in Electronic Prescriptions for Pediatric Outpatients: A Call for Responsive Action

General electrokinetic model for concentrated suspensions in aqueous electrolyte solutions: Electrophoretic mobility and electrical conductivity in static electric fields

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