Pediatric Reference Intervals for Serum Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Thyrotropin, and Free Thyroxine

Zurakowski, David; Canzio, James Di; Majzoub, Joseph A.

doi:10.1093/clinchem/45.7.1087

Cited by 81 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Using regression analysis, there was no significant effect of age (P¼0•398), sex (P¼0•947), ethnicity (P¼0•167) or total iodine intake (P¼0•687) on UIC. The median T4 concentration of children was 115 nmol/l, which falls in the normal reference range suggested by Zurakowski et al (13) . There were three children who had a T4 concentration below the lower limit of the reference range (i.e.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

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Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren

Skeaff

Lonsdale-Cooper

2012

Br J Nutr

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Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in many parts of the world including the UK, Australia and New Zealand (NZ). In 2009, the NZ government introduced the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt as a strategy to improve iodine intakes. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of fortification on the iodine status of NZ schoolchildren. A school-based cluster survey was used to randomly select schools from two NZ cities. Children aged 8-10 years were administered a general questionnaire, and asked to provide a casual urine and finger-prick blood sample. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the children (n 147) was 113 mg/l, which falls between 100 and 199 mg/l indicating adequate iodine status; 12 % of children had a UIC ,50 mg/l and 39 % had a UIC ,100 mg/l. The median serum thyroxine concentration was 115 nmol/l. The median serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was 10·8 mg/l and falls in the 10·0-19·9 mg/l range indicative of mild iodine deficiency, suggesting that these children still had enlarged thyroid glands. When compared with the median UIC of 68 mg/l reported in the 2002 NZ Children's Nutrition Survey, the UIC of children in the present study had increased, which is probably caused by the addition of iodised salt to bread. However, the elevated concentration of Tg in these children suggests that the increase in UIC is not sufficient to ensure that thyroid volume has normalised. The fortification of other staple foods, in addition to bread, should be considered to ensure good iodine status in NZ children.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…‡ Gordon et al (19) . § Reference range adapted from Zurakowski et al (13) . NA, not applicable; NZEO, NZ European and other ethnicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren

Skeaff

Lonsdale-Cooper

2012

Br J Nutr

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“…18 Analysis of our data on mean FT3, FT4 and TSH showed that there was a significant variation of FT3 in boys and of all the hormones in girls, with age. Zurakowski et al 21 and Weidemann et al 24 found that T3, T4, FT4 and TSH were significantly decreased with age from birth to adolescence and thus inversely correlated with age, which was seen only among the girls studied in this survey. In a more recent report from Italy, Cioffi et al 22 studied 3360 children aged 2-16 years (attending an outpatient clinic for a routine check-up) and found no change in the mean values of FT3, FT4 and TSH with age (except FT4 in children aged 8 years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Reference range of thyroid hormones in normal Indian school‐age children

Marwaha

Tandon²,

Desai³

et al. 2007

Clinical Endocrinology

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“…Although there were age, gender, and ethnic group differences, they were small and it was therefore not considered necessary to adjust the reference for these parameters. Additional studies assessing the normal TSH reference in children have shown broad differences between adult and children that were dependent on the patient's age (Elmlinger et al, 2001;Hübner et al, 2002;Kapelari et al, 2008 ;Soldin et al, 2009;Strich et al, 2012;Zurakowski et al, 1999), indicating that the definition of SCH is age-dependent. A panel of experts divided patients with SCH into two groups: patients with mildly increased serum TSH levels (4.5-10 mIU/l) and patients with more severely increased serum TSH levels (>10 mIU/l) (Surks et al, 2004).…”

Section: Definition Of Schmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approach to Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children

Tenenbaum‐Rakover¹

2013

Current Topics in Hypothyroidism With Focus on Development

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Pediatric Reference Intervals for Serum Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Thyrotropin, and Free Thyroxine

Cited by 81 publications

References 17 publications

Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren

Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren

Reference range of thyroid hormones in normal Indian school‐age children

Approach to Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children

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