“…In recent studies, the impacts of the FC Model on student performance, engagement, learning outcomes, and motivation have been investigated. Studies have shown that the FC approach enhances student's learning performance (Baepler, Walker, & Driessen, 2014;Davies et al, 2013;Janotha, 2016;Sun & Wu, 2016;Talley & Scherer, 2013;Wiginton, 2013;Zengin, 2017;Zhonggen & Wang, 2016), produces enhanced learning outcomes (Chen Hsieh, Wu, & Marek, 2017;Gillispie, 2016;Kong, 2014;Smallhorn, 2017) and increases student motivation (Chyr, Shen, Chiang, Lin, & Tsai, 2017;Graziano, 2017;Smallhorn, 2017;Wiginton, 2013;Yılmaz, 2017).…”