“…Distributed energy resources (DERs), which include distributed generation, flexible loads, and energy storage systems (ESSs), are receiving considerable attention in the context of climate change and environmental concerns [1, 2]. However, as DER penetration grows, power systems confront new challenges [3, 4]. To tackle these issues, three solutions are presented in [5]: (1) expanding the grid, with the significant obstacle of high costs; (2) controlling DER for handling technical constraints by independent system operator (ISO); however, the privacy should be preserved; (3) utilizing the notion of transactive energy (TE) to manage the DER's energy trading and integrate more DER into the distribution grids.…”