2015
DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12709
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Pelvic Venous Insufficiency: Imaging Diagnosis, Treatment Approaches, and Therapeutic Issues

Abstract: OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to review the causes of pelvic congestion syndrome and the imaging used to make the diagnosis and to summarize the treatment options. CONCLUSION. Pelvic congestion syndrome is one of many causes of chronic pelvic pain. It is thought to arise from ovarian and pelvic venous incompetence. Findings from various noninvasive imaging studies, such as Doppler ultrasound and MRI, in association with the clinical symptoms are critical in establishing the diagnosis.

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Cited by 67 publications
(62 citation statements)
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“…10,14 PCS consists of clinical symptoms with concomitant anatomic and physiologic abnormalities originating in venous insufficiency. [17][18][19] Clinical symptoms of PCS are consistently reported as chronic, noncyclic pelvic pain or heaviness which is commonly exacerbated by prolonged standing and often occurring in association with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, urinary urgency, and perineal or lower extremity varices. 1,5,7,11,13,17,[19][20][21] The etiology of PCS is diverse involving both mechanical and hormonal factors contributing to venous dilatation (>5 mm) and insufficiency.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…10,14 PCS consists of clinical symptoms with concomitant anatomic and physiologic abnormalities originating in venous insufficiency. [17][18][19] Clinical symptoms of PCS are consistently reported as chronic, noncyclic pelvic pain or heaviness which is commonly exacerbated by prolonged standing and often occurring in association with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, urinary urgency, and perineal or lower extremity varices. 1,5,7,11,13,17,[19][20][21] The etiology of PCS is diverse involving both mechanical and hormonal factors contributing to venous dilatation (>5 mm) and insufficiency.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered as an investigation of choice for PCS, as it provides the information about both the anatomical and flow abnormalities without exposure to ionizing radiation, unlike the CTV [7]; however, it is considered expensive when compared with the trans-abdominal venous duplex examination; moreover, MRI may not be suitable for certain patients like claustrophobic and patients with cardiac pacemakers.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…До недавнего времени некоторые авторы утверждали, что лапароскопия служит оптимальным методом выявления варикозной трансформации тазовых вен [11,12]. Вместе с тем травматичность данного диагностического теста, риски повреждения органов брюшной полости, аорты, подвздошных артерий и нижней полой вены, необходимость наложения пневмоперитонеума, невозможность оценить состояние клапанного аппарата вен определи-ли разработку и широкое внедрение в клиническую практику ультразвуковых и рентгеноконтрастных методик визуализации тазовых вен, которые служат высокоточными способами диагностики ТВП [13,14].…”
Section: Discussionunclassified