“…19 Many contemporary pesantren are now providing both traditional Islamic education and modern national education. In addition to the general curriculum, many kiai have found it useful to offer extra courses-(English and 13 (OECD & ADB, 2015) 14 (Musfiroh, 2017) 15 16 17 18 (Setiawan, Puspaningrum, & Umam, 2019) 19 (Siayah, Conversation with Syarofis Siayah in Malang on 4 October 2019 computer science are the most popular)-as well as vocational training in skills such as driving, automobile repair, sewing, small business management, and welding. In part, this is in response to government programs designed to encourage the improvement of human resources.…”