Pemodelan Hubungan Antara Kualiti Perkhidmatan, Kesan Alam Sekitar, Sikap dan Keinginan untuk Menggunakan Park-and-Ride

Abstract

ABSTRAKPemodelan persamaan struktur (SEM) Structural equation modelling (SEM) is a modelling technique that can handle a large number of endogenous and exogenous variables, as well as latent variables specifi ed as linear combinations of the observed variables. Usually, the estimation method used in the modelling analysis is the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. In this study, the park-and-ride (P&R) usage model was developed to estimate the direct effects, indirect effects and overall impact on the studied phenomenon.Based on the proposed conceptual framework, the full structured models were proposed and tested, thus the signifi cant predictors were identifi ed based on the statistical signifi cance for all paths in the model. The fi ndings revealed that almost all causal relationships were statistically signifi cant. Implications for all predictors were also discussed in this study. Keywords: Structural equation modelling; P&R; maximum likelihood PENGENALANPusat pentadbiran bagi Kerajaan Persekutuan yang baharu, Putrajaya, merupakan sebuah bandar yang unik dari segi perspektif dasar pengangkutannya disebabkan matlamat utama adalah untuk menjadikan bandar ini bebas dari kesesakan dan menetapkan sasaran sebanyak 70% perjalanan di dalam bandar dengan menggunakan pengangkutan awam. Walau bagaimanapun, sasaran ini semakin sukar dicapai berdasarkan situasi sekarang yang lebih berpihak kepada penggunaan kenderaan persendirian yang telah memonopoli jalan-jalan utama di Putrajaya. Nisbah ragaman pengangkutan sekarang di antara kenderaan persendirian dan pengangkutan awam di Putrajaya adalah sebanyak 85:15 (Borhan et al. 2013;Nor et al. 2006). Antara perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam yang disediakan di Putrajaya adalah perkhidmatan P&R yang mengandungi satu perjalanan kereta yang menggunakan kereta dari tempat tinggal pengguna hingga ke kawasan pinggir bandar Putrajaya di mana terletaknya stesen P&R, seterusnya pengguna akan menggunakan pengangkutan awam seperti bas untuk meneruskan perjalanan ke kawasan bandar terutamanya lokasi perkerjaan pengguna (Bos et al. 2004). Matlamat penyediaan perkhidmatan P&R ini adalah untuk membantu pengguna dan pekerja di Putrajaya untuk menjadikan Putrajaya sebagai sebuah bandar yang bebas dari kesesakan.Kajian ini menggunakan pemodelan persamaan struktur (SEM) yang merupakan satu teknik permodelan statistik lelurus untuk menganggar kesan langsung, kesan tidak langsung dan kesan keseluruhan terhadap penggunaan P&R di Putrajaya. Satu perbezaan di antara SEM dan kaedah statistik lain dan kelebihan SEM adalah keupayaan untuk menganggar dan menguji hubungan antara peramal secara serentak. Berbanding dengan model linear yang lain di mana peramal hanya diwakili dengan satu pengukuran dan pengukuran ralat tidak dimodelkan. Manakala SEM membolehkan pengukuran lebih dari satu pengukuran untuk setiap peramal dan ralat turut dimasukkan ke dalam model pengukuran (Weston & Gore 2006). Biddle dan Marlin (1987) menyatakan tentang SEM sebagai "teknik yang

Understanding the Willingness of Students to Use Bicycles for Sustainable Commuting in a University Setting: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

“…Furthermore, a study by Nkurunziza et al [35] recorded that the perceived barrier had a significant impact on cycling behaviour. This finding was in line with the result from the study predicting the behavioural attempt of using the Park & Ride service [46]. Meanwhile, the perceived barrier element was found to be connected to an individual's motivation to use the bicycle, as reported in several previous studies on the same subject studies [35,42,43].…”

Understanding Users’ Intention to Use Park-and-Ride Facilities in Malaysia: The Role of Trust as a Novel Construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour

“…This has resulted in users having to drive directly to their workplace instead of using the P&R facility. The service provider of P&R facilities could also consider the proposal made by Borhan et al [20] and Lam et al [18] to increase the use of P&R facilities in Putrajaya, i.e., providing a good public bus service, providing free parking or charging a small parking fee at P&R facilities, and a reasonable bus fare. As asserted by Madha et al [38], belief is "the basis for loyalty."…”

“…Even though the world literature has reported many benefits of using P&R facilities [4,10,11,16], car drivers in Malaysia are still not persuaded to use the facilities. Borhan et al [19,20], Norhisham et al [21], and Syed Adnan and Kadar Hamsa [22] have demonstrated that the utilisation rate of P&R facilities is relatively low. According to Borhan et al [19,20], this underutilisation is due to several factors, such as an unsuitable location of the P&R lots, low quality public transit, and high parking fees.…”

“…Borhan et al [19,20], Norhisham et al [21], and Syed Adnan and Kadar Hamsa [22] have demonstrated that the utilisation rate of P&R facilities is relatively low. According to Borhan et al [19,20], this underutilisation is due to several factors, such as an unsuitable location of the P&R lots, low quality public transit, and high parking fees. This finding is congruent with those reported in P&R studies in Asian [17,18] and European countries [4,10,11].…”

Gender and Age Do Matter: Exploring the Effect of Passengers’ Gender and Age on the Perception of Light Rail Transit Service Quality in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

“…One of the ways to achieve sustainable mobility and transportation development in urban areas is by encouraging LRT usage. Even though the public is aware of the significance of sustainable transportation, most of them still exhibit limited structural behavior aimed at transportation sustainability [13,14], which is evident by the lower public acceptance of public transportation as a commuting alternative [15][16][17][18]. Despite the fact the government and authorities strongly encourage the use of public transport, the response from the public is still disappointing.…”