Penicilloyl-Polylysine Stability and Clinical Use Over Time

Background: Data on the rate of positive penicillin skin test (PenST) results over time in large populations are rare. The factors that influence positive PenST results are incompletely understood.Objectives: We sought to correlate demographic variables to the rate of positive PenST results over time in a large group of patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Methods:Results from the first test for all patients tested for penicillin allergy in the Kaiser Permanente Health Care Program in San Diego County, CA, between 1995 and 2007 are reported. All patients were tested with penicillin, penicilloyl-poly-lysine, penilloate, penicilloate, and amoxicillin.Results: There were 255 positive PenST results in 3469 individuals. The rate of positive PenST results declined from >10% to <5% during the 13 years studied. The positive PenST result rate could be accounted for by the year of testing (R 2 = 0.56; p = 0.003) without any significant contribution from the patient's age or the time since reaction (TSR). If the TSR was ≤13 years, the relative risk of a positive PenST result was 2.1 (95% confidence interval = 1.6-2.8). If the study subject's age was ≤38 years, the relative risk of a positive PenST result was 2.1 (95% confidence interval = 1.6-2.7). Females reported higher rates of penicillin allergy history than males did (11% compared with 6.6%; p < 0.0001), but there were no significant sex differences in the rate of positive PenST results.Conclusions: There has been a steady decline in the proportion of positive PenST results between 1995 and 2007, independent of study subject age and TSR. Increasing age and increasing TSR were associated with a lower rate of positive PenST results. Eric Macy, MD, (top, left) is an Allergist in the

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“…12,[14][15][16][17][18][19] Study cohort demographics are reported in Table 1. Of 3469 study subjects tested, 255 had positive results on PenSTs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Falling Rate of Positive Penicillin Skin Tests from 1995 to 2007

Macy¹,

Schatz²,

Lin³

et al. 2009

TPJ

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106

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“…Polylysine has been used in different industries and products, such as in the food and beverage industry, the cosmetic industry, and beauty products. Products based on lysine or polylysine have been studied in the clinical stages for biomedical purposes, like diagnostics and treatments. − Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles based on lysine or polylysine, however, are mostly in preclinical stages, like most other stimuli-responsive nanoparticles. Promising results from these preclinical studies are expected to advance the technologies into the clinical trial stages in the near future (e.g., ref ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Delivery Systems Based on Lysine or Lysine Polymers

et al. 2021

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Polylysine and materials that integrate lysine form promising drug delivery platforms. As a cationic macromolecule, a polylysine polymer electrostatically interacts with cells and is efficiently internalized, thereby enabling intracellular delivery. Although polylysine is intrinsically pH-responsive, the conjugation with different functional groups imparts smart, stimuli-responsive traits by adding pH-, temperature-, hypoxia-, redox-, and enzyme-responsive features for enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents. Because of such characteristics, polylysine has been used to deliver various cargos such as small-molecule drugs, genes, proteins, and imaging agents. Furthermore, modifying contrast agents with polylysine has been shown to improve performance, including increasing cellular uptake and stability. In this review, the use of lysine residues, peptides, and polymers in various drug delivery systems has been discussed comprehensively to provide insight into the design and robust manufacturing of lysine-based delivery platforms.

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