Penile cancer epidemiology and risk factors

Douglawi, Antoin; Masterson, Timothy A.

doi:10.1097/mou.0000000000000581

Cited by 88 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…30 On the other hand, high area deprivation and household overcrowding in England 59,104,105 , low education in Sweden 36 and low occupational social class in Finland 106 were associated with lower risk of seminoma and non-seminoma cancer (RR estimates about 0.7-0.9), though in Finland, the RRs have decreased substantially. In line with findings that HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking and obesity increase risk for penile cancer 107 , we found that most 44,59,108 , though not all 106 , identified studies also reveal an association between penile cancer and low SES, sometimes stronger for invasive than in situ carcinoma.…”

Section: Male Genital and Prostate Cancerssupporting

confidence: 90%

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence in Europe: a comprehensive review of population-based epidemiological studies

Mihor

Tomšič

Žagar

et al. 2020

Radiology and Oncology

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BackgroundSince the end of the previous century, there has not been a comprehensive review of European studies on socioeconomic inequality in cancer incidence. In view of recent advances in data source linkage and analytical methods, we aimed to update the knowledge base on associations between location-specific cancer incidence and individual or area-level measures of socio-economic status (SES) among European adults.Materials and methodsWe systematically searched three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) for articles on cancer incidence and SES. Qualitative synthesis was performed on the 91 included English language studies, published between 2000 and 2019 in Europe, which focused on adults, relied on cancer registry data and reported on relative risk (RR) estimates.ResultsAdults with low SES have increased risk of head and neck, oesophagogastric, liver and gallbladder, pancreatic, lung, kidney, bladder, penile and cervical cancers (highest RRs for lung, head and neck, stomach and cervix). Conversely, high SES is linked with increased risk of thyroid, breast, prostate and skin cancers. Central nervous system and haematological cancers are not associated with SES. The positive gap in testicular cancer has narrowed, while colorectal cancer shows a varying pattern in different countries. Negative associations are generally stronger for men compared to women.ConclusionsIn Europe, cancers in almost all common locations are associated with SES and the inequalities can be explained to a varying degree by known life-style related factors, most notably smoking. Independent effects of many individual and area SES measures which capture different aspects of SES can also be observed.

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Section: Male Genital and Prostate Cancerssupporting

confidence: 90%

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence in Europe: a comprehensive review of population-based epidemiological studies

Mihor

Tomšič

Žagar

et al. 2020

Radiology and Oncology

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“…Both the incidence and the mortality of it account for less than 1% of all human cancers 1 . Among penile cancers, squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) comprises the vast majority of cases 2,3 . According to reports, the 5‐year (5‐yr) overall survival of SCCP patients varies from 60% to 80% 3‐6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional survival after surgery for patients with penile cancer

et al. 2020

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Background Penile cancer represents a rare pathology whose natural history of treatment is poorly understood. Objective To illustrate the dynamic survival profiles in surgically treated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) using the conditional survival (CS) estimates. Materials and methods Patients with non‐metastatic SCCP were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Conditional 3‐yr overall survival (OS) rate and 3‐yr cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rate represented the primary outcomes of interest and were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. The multivariable Cox regression model was employed to calculate proportional hazard ratios for the prediction of mortality. Results A total of 1887 SCCP patients who had undergone surgeries were identified. Given a 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐yr survivorship, the 3‐yr OS rates were, respectively, improved by + 9.8 (72.6%), +18.2 (78.1%), +23.4 (81.6%), +27.8 (84.5%), and + 26.6% (83.7%) from those calculated at baseline (time zero). As compared with the baseline calculations, patients who had survived 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 yr after surgery could, respectively, harvest a + 7.8 (84.7%), +14.8 (90.2%), +19.5 (93.9%), +22.1 (96.0%), and + 22.4% (96.2%) improvement in 3‐yr CSS. Patients with the most aggressive disease at baseline ultimately benefited the most from event‐free survivorship. Multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that the impact of adverse pathological parameters (G2‐3, ≥ pT2, pN+) on OS and CSS mostly showed a decreasing trend over time and some could disappear after a minimum of 1‐yr survivorship. Discussion and conclusion The survival probability of SCCP patients increases with post‐operative survival. Patients with aggressive disease at baseline ultimately benefit the most from event‐free survivorship and may expect a better prognosis once they survive the critical few years after surgery. The recorded observations have crucial implications regarding patient counseling and follow‐up.

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“…A number of viruses have been identified as oncogenic viruses that can directly transform normal cells into malignant tumor cells. Examples of such oncogenic viruses include: (1) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with a subset of Hodgkin's lymphoma [112][113][114][115][116][117], a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [118], endemic Burkitt lymphoma [119], as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma [119,120] and gastric adenocarcinoma [121]; (2) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) [122], primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) [123,124], and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) [125]; (3) High-risk isotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can cause cervical, anal, oral, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers [126][127][128][129][130]; (4) Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), which is linked to Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) [131]; and (5) human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) [132][133][134][135][136]. Other viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can indirectly cause liver cancer through chronic inflammation [137].…”

Section: Angiopoietins and Neoplasia Associated With Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3) High-risk isotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can cause cervical, anal, oral, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers [126][127][128][129][130]; (4) Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), which is linked to Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) [131]; and (5) human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) [132][133][134][135][136]. Other viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can indirectly cause liver cancer through chronic inflammation [137].…”

Section: Angiopoietins and Neoplasia Associated With Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Angiopoietins in Development of Cancer and Neoplasia Associated with Viral Infection

2020

Cells

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Angiopoietin/tyrosine protein kinase receptor Tie-2 signaling in endothelial cells plays an essential role in angiogenesis and wound healing. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is crucial for blood vessel maturation while angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), in collaboration with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), initiates angiogenesis by destabilizing existing blood vessels. In healthy people, the Ang-1 level is sustained while Ang-2 expression is restricted. In cancer patients, Ang-2 level is elevated, which correlates with poor prognosis. Ang-2 not only drives tumor angiogenesis but also attracts infiltration of myeloid cells. The latter rapidly differentiate into tumor stromal cells that foster tumor angiogenesis and progression, and weaken the host’s anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, through integrin signaling, Ang-2 induces expression of matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) to promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Many oncogenic viruses induce expression of Ang-2 to promote development of neoplasia associated with viral infection. Multiple Ang-2 inhibitors exhibit remarkable anti-tumor activities, further highlighting the importance of Ang-2 in cancer development.

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Penile cancer epidemiology and risk factors

Cited by 88 publications

References 54 publications

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence in Europe: a comprehensive review of population-based epidemiological studies

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence in Europe: a comprehensive review of population-based epidemiological studies

Conditional survival after surgery for patients with penile cancer

Role of Angiopoietins in Development of Cancer and Neoplasia Associated with Viral Infection

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