PEP1 regulates perennial flowering in Arabis alpina

Wang, Renhou; Farrona, Sara; Vincent, Coral; Joecker, Anika; Schoof, Heiko; Turck, Franziska; Alonso‐Blanco, Carlos; Coupland, George; Albani, Maria C.

doi:10.1038/nature07988

Cited by 332 publications

(537 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…PCRs were run on a Bio‐Rad (California USA) Realtime PCR cycler or Roche iCycler using the primers published previously for A. alpina (Wang et al . 2009 and Bergonzi et al . 2013; primer names PEP1 (qPCR) and PP2A (qPCR) as reference gene; Table S2, Supporting information) in triplicates or quadruplicates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The contig assemblies were indexed as blast libraries and searched using PEP1 (Wang et al . 2009) as query. In the case of A. nordmanniana , the blast search resulted in several blast hits to FLC or flanking genes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pajares, A. auriculata , A. montbretiana and A. nordmanniana were taken between ZT 4 and ZT 7 before (3 or 6 weeks in long‐day conditions depending on the experiment), at the end (after 12 weeks) and after vernalization (2, 3, 4 weeks in long day after vernalization depending on the experiment) in two biological replicates grown at different times (only one replicate was used for A. alpina because this confirmed data published by Wang et al . 2009). One young leaf from the main shoot was harvested at each time point, and samples were pooled from four to six plants, except for A. nordmanniana where one individual was monitored in each replicate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PEP1 , in addition to preventing flowering before vernalization, restricts flowering to a short episode after vernalization by causing reversion to vegetative growth after flowering (Wang et al . 2009; Castaings et al . 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2004; Sung & Amasino 2004; Finnegan & Dennis 2007; Wang et al . 2009). Repression of FLC is also regulated by noncoding RNAs expressed in cis during vernalization (Swiezewski et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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Variation in life history contributes to reproductive success in different environments. Divergence of annual and perennial angiosperm species is an extreme example that has occurred frequently. Perennials survive for several years and restrict the duration of reproduction by cycling between vegetative growth and flowering, whereas annuals live for 1 year and flower once. We used the tribe Arabideae (Brassicaceae) to study the divergence of seasonal flowering behaviour among annual and perennial species. In perennial Brassicaceae, orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a floral inhibitor in Arabidopsis thaliana, are repressed by winter cold and reactivated in spring conferring seasonal flowering patterns, whereas in annuals, they are stably repressed by cold. We isolated FLC orthologues from three annual and two perennial Arabis species and found that the duplicated structure of the A. alpina locus is not required for perenniality. The expression patterns of the genes differed between annuals and perennials, as observed among Arabidopsis species, suggesting a broad relevance of these patterns within the Brassicaceae. Also analysis of plants derived from an interspecies cross of A. alpina and annual A. montbretiana demonstrated that cis‐regulatory changes in FLC orthologues contribute to their different transcriptional patterns. Sequence comparisons of FLC orthologues from annuals and perennials in the tribes Arabideae and Camelineae identified two regulatory regions in the first intron whose sequence variation correlates with divergence of the annual and perennial expression patterns. Thus, we propose that related cis‐acting changes in FLC orthologues occur independently in different tribes of the Brassicaceae during life history evolution.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2004; Sung & Amasino 2004; Finnegan & Dennis 2007; Wang et al . 2009). Repression of FLC is also regulated by noncoding RNAs expressed in cis during vernalization (Swiezewski et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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Vernalization

Finnegan¹,

Helliwell²,

Sheldon³

et al. 2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Vernalization, the promotion of flowering in response to a prolonged period of growth at low temperatures, is an important adaptation of plants growing in regions where harsh winters are followed by relatively short growing seasons. In these plants, flowering is triggered by long days but only after the vernalization requirement has been met. Thus, the requirement for vernalization prevents flowering in the long days of autumn and ensures that flowering occurs in the warmer days of spring and summer, allowing sufficient time for seed development before the onset of the next winter. Various crop plants, including the winter cereals and canola, must be vernalized if they are to initiate flowering and set seed. The key genes controlling the response to vernalization differ between monocots and dicots suggesting that this response arose independently after the divergence of the monocot and dicot lineages. Key concepts: Vernalization is the promotion of flowering in response to prolonged periods of low temperatures, such as those experienced in winter. The physiological properties of vernalization are similar in dicots and monocots but the genes controlling this response differ. The vernalized state is inherited through mitotic cell divisions; this memory of winter is provided by epigenetic changes to the chromatin of key genes in the vernalization response, although the nature of these changes differs between monocots and dicots. Epigenetic regulation results in a heritable but potentially reversible change in gene expression that is modulated by changing the accessibility of a gene for transcription. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is a key regulator of vernalization responsiveness in the Brassicaceae but the role of FLC homologues in other dicots remains to be elucidated. The regulation of FLC expression is complex and involves both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and FLC has become an important model for studying epigenetic control of plant gene expression. VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 ( VIN3 ) is induced by cold and the VIN3 protein is incorporated into the Polycomb Repression Complex (PRC2) that regulates FLC. Polycomb proteins are conserved across kingdoms and play a role in gene repression in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. The vernalized state is reset each generation; resetting occurs at different times depending on the gamete transmitting FLC . An FLC orthologue conditions the perennial behaviour of Arabis alpina , a relative of Arabidopsis thaliana .

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Vernalisation

Dixon

Hepworth

Irwin

2019

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Vernalisation is the response to a period of prolonged cold required by many plants to switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. Variation in the requirement for, and the response to, a period of weeks or months of cold underpins life history variation in both wild and crop species and ensures flowering occurs in the more optimal conditions in spring. In monocots and dicots three key players – a gene activated by cold, a repressor, and an integrator – have been identified within the vernalisation regulatory network. However, the relative importance of allelic variation at these genes to variation in vernalisation response differs between the two subdivisions of flowering plants. Genetic and molecular analysis of this variation has revealed a mechanism with core epigenetic components in the exemplar Angiosperm lineages Brassicaceae and Poaceae. Key Concepts Plants utilise the memory of winter to align flowering with the favourable conditions of spring. Vernalisation promotes competence to flower in response to a prolonged period of cold. Epigenetic regulation is a stable change in gene expression (through multiple mitotic and sometimes meiotic divisions) without a change in the underlying DNA sequence. In both monocots and dicots three key players – a gene activated by cold, a repressor and an integrator – have been identified as components of the vernalisation network. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is the key regulator of vernalisation in the Brassicaceae. VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) is the main regulator of vernalisation in the Poaceae. Polycomb proteins are conserved across kingdoms.

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PEP1 regulates perennial flowering in Arabis alpina

Cited by 332 publications

References 42 publications

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Vernalization

Vernalisation

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