Peptidic Mycotoxins

Bräse, Stefan; Gläser, Franziska; Kramer, Carsten S.; Lindner, Stephanie; Linsenmeier, Anna M.; Masters, Kye-Simeon; Meister, Anne C.; Ruff, Bettina M.; Zhong, Sabilla

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1312-7_15

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The most representatives fungi that produce AFLA are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus [ 9 , 10 ]. AFLA are characterized by a lipophilic structure ( Figure 1 ) derived from the same precursor, versiconal hemiacetal acetate [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute ingestion of FUMO can cause gastrointestinal problems, and they are considered possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B) by IARC [ 15 , 21 ]. FUMO can interfere with folic acid metabolism (teratogenic effects), cause inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis, and have carcinogenic effects [ 11 , 21 ]. They are polar compounds and are not soluble in non-polar solvents ( Figure 1 ) [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes also include T2 and HT2 (C-4 deacetylated form of T2, Figure 1 ) produced from Fusarium species [ 30 ]. The name derived from trichothecin, the first non-macrocyclic trichothecene isolated in 1948 from Trichothecium roesum [ 11 ]. T2 is the most toxic among all trichothecene [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most important and toxic mycotoxin among ochratoxins [ 36 ]. It is an isocumaric derivate with a β-phenylalanine ( Figure 1 ) [ 11 ]. Aspergillus and Penicillium species can produce OTA; Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum are the most common [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices

Pantano

Scala

Olibrio

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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We developed and validated a screening method for mycotoxin analysis in cereal products and spices. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) was used for the analysis. Dispersive solid-phase extractions (d-SPEs) were used for the extraction of samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxins (AFLA; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUMO; FB1, FB2, FB3), T2, and HT2 were validated in maize. AFLA and DON were validated in black pepper. The method satisfies the requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006 and (EC) no. 1881/2006. The screening target concentration (STC) was under maximum permitted levels (MLs) for all mycotoxins validated. The method’s performance was assessed by two different proficiencies and tested with 100 real samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices

Pantano

Scala

Olibrio

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Substituted 2,1-benzisoxazoles display diverse biological activity [ 1 – 6 ] ( Fig. 1 ) and are widely used as starting materials for the synthesis of important heterocyclic pharmacophores, such as acridines [ 7 – 8 ], quinolines [ 9 – 13 ] and quinazolines [ 14 – 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of 2,1-benzisoxazole-3(1H)-ones by base-mediated photochemical N–O bond-forming cyclization of 2-azidobenzoic acids

Dzhons

Будруев

2016

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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Identifying in vitro toxicity testing approaches for (novel) proteins in the context of food and feed risk assessment

Cobigo,

Habauzit,

Mehennaoui

et al. 2024

EFS3

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This report documents the outcomes of the EFSA procurement (OC/EFSA/NIF/2022/01) aimed at identifying in vitro toxicity testing approaches for (novel) proteins in the context of food and feed safety assessment. In the present report, we present an integrated testing strategy for the evaluation of toxicity of novel/toxic proteins. A text‐mining approach was used to create a literature database of toxic outcomes associated with toxic proteins retrieved from the UniProt KB database using the search term “Toxin activity”. It was shown that toxic proteins are produced by a relatively limited phylogenetic subset, including, among others, bacteria, insects, serpents, molluscs, and fungi. Toxicological effects of these proteins are generally conserved within phylogenetic groups. Analysis of toxic effects from these proteins was performed using GO term analysis as well as a text‐mining based approach. Relevant tests to address and quantify these toxicity effects were identified and evaluated for their applicability in an in vitro based toxicity testing strategy. A stepwise approach was developed. As a first step, an initial in silico prediction of toxicity is carried out (Step 1). This is followed by a battery of in vitro assays to address the primary mechanisms of toxicity associated with toxic proteins (Step 2). If concern arises in the Step 2 battery of tests, the use of relevant in vitro model systems to explore potential target organ toxicity are required (Step 3). Knowledge gaps have been identified and recommendations are provided in in vitro toxicity testing strategies, in particular for (novel) proteins. Some of these gaps involve the selection and integration of a standardized, relevant in vitro digestion step, reflective of passage through the digestive tract, within the testing strategy, as well as a thorough assessment of the suitability and applicability of in vitro tests and new approach methodologies for regulatory toxicity assessment of (novel) proteins. To accelerate the incorporation of NAMs in the assessment of protein safety, case studies and proof of concept projects are needed to demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of in vitro toxicity testing strategies in the safety assessment of (novel) proteins.

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Peptidic Mycotoxins

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices

QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices

Synthesis of 2,1-benzisoxazole-3(1H)-ones by base-mediated photochemical N–O bond-forming cyclization of 2-azidobenzoic acids

Identifying in vitro toxicity testing approaches for (novel) proteins in the context of food and feed risk assessment

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