“…The main advantages of this method include the accessibility of the air–liquid interface for exposure to airborne substances, flexibility in controlling cycling rates, and ease of determination of the surface tension in real-time while cycling the surfactant film. The constrained drop surfactometer has been applied to the exposure to a broad range of substances, including nanoparticles ( Larsen et al, 2020 , Valle et al, 2015 , Fan et al, 2011 , Yang et al, 2018 , Wang et al, 2020 ), individual chemicals ( Da Silva et al, 2021 ), mixtures of chemicals ( Da Silva, et al, 2021 , Sørli et al, 2018 , Sørli et al, 2016 ), excipients for drug formulation ( Sørli et al, 2018 ), per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances ( Sørli et al, 2020 ), or plasma ( Autilio et al, 2021 ).…”