Peran Air dan Sanitasi terhadap Pencegahan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminths

Abstract

Introduction: Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is a tropical infectious disease that causes serious global problems. Based on WHO in 2018, there are more than 1.5 billion people or around 24% of the world’s population have been infected at least one of the species that causes STH infection. This STH infection can be prevented by optimizing the use of clean water, good sanitation, and adequate personal hygiene or WASH strategies (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine the role of water and sanitation in preventing infection of soil-transmitted helminths. Methods: This study was conducted with an article review that analyzes the role of water and sanitation in the prevention of STH infection. The article search was carried out by searching through the Google Scholar database by entering the keyword ‘soil-transmitted helminths, water, and sanitation”. This article was used 23 references based on references from reputable national and international journals to produce a comprehensive presentation. Results: Unclean water, unhygienic and unqualified sewage disposal that will eventually pollute the soil, wastewater disposal, and improper waste management are some of the risk factors where these STH species can continue their lifecycle and infect humans as the definitive host. Discussion: Inadequate sanitation can also contribute to an increased risk of STH infection, caused by an increase in the number of infective eggs from these species in the community, including in the soil. Conclusion: Poor sanitation increase the risk of the portal of entry to the host by swallowed by humans.

Physical Water Quality Contaminated by Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Sumbersari District, Jember Regency

“…STH contamination in water is caused by various factors, such as the sanitaion of the water facility and the environment. Inadequate water and sanitation conditions will trigger higher worm species transmitted through polluted soil and poor personal hygiene (23). Poor wastewater tunnel facilities can post the risk of contaminating water sources and the surrounding environment.…”

“…According to WHO, one of the transmission routes of STH is the ingestion of eggs from contaminated water (1). Good water quality is vital to stop the transmission of STH infection (23). Poor sanitation and drinking water quality are significantly associated with the risk of infection transmission (34).…”

Environmental sanitation factors as prevalence support of soil transmitted helminths

“…Clay media, moist and protected from sunlight are very favorable for the development of soil transmitted helminths (STH) worm eggs. In contrast to hookworms, this type of worm likes sandy, loose, humic soil media and is protected from direct sunlight because for the growth and development of worm larvae which require oxygen [16], [17].…”