“…As a commonly used index of subjective well-being, life satisfaction is defined as a person’s overall cognitive evaluation of the quality of own life ( Gilman and Huebner, 2003 ). Studies showed that life satisfaction was influenced by both environmental and individual factors (e.g., McKnight et al, 2002 ), including PYD qualities such as emotional intelligence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, social competence, spirituality, and character strengths ( Huebner et al, 2004 ; Proctor et al, 2009 ; Rey et al, 2011 ; Howell et al, 2013 ; Chen et al, 2017 ). In addition, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies also revealed that PYD qualities positively predicted satisfaction with life among adolescents ( Sun and Shek, 2010 , 2013 ; Mohamad et al, 2014 ).…”