Percentage of Body Weight Carried by Students in Their School Backpacks

Forjuoh, Samuel N.; Lane, Bryan; Schuchmann, John A.

doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000057227.35210.50

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Schoolbag weight is the main factor that has been analyzed in an effort to develop guidelines for the safe carriage of schoolbags [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, there is no global agreement on the cut-off point for a schoolbag weight limit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Dockrell

Blake

Simms

2016

WOR

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Abstract. BACKGROUND:There is no global agreement on a schoolbag weight limit and little assessment of its utility. The duration of carriage is another factor yet there is no previous systematic assessment of the utility of cut-off values for it in identifying schoolbag-related discomfort. OBJECTIVES:The objectives were to establish if there was a threshold for musculoskeletal discomfort based on (i) percentage bodyweight (%BW) of the schoolbag; (ii) duration of carriage; or (iii) combined %BW and duration. METHODS: Using data from 462 primary school children, a novel experimental approach was used to explore the utility of conventional schoolbag weight limit guidelines and duration of carriage. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to examine the predictive performance of schoolbag weight and duration of carriage. RESULTS: The mean schoolbag weight (4.8 ± 1.43 kg) represented a mean 12.4 ± 4.18%BW. Only 30.7% of the sample carried schoolbags that were ≤10%BW. The majority (76%) carried schoolbags to school for ≤10 minutes. No %BW, duration of carriage or mechanical burden criterion provided a threshold cut-off point for accurately predicting schoolbag-related discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines for safe schoolbag carriage that are based on mechanical factors alone could not be upheld. The association between duration of carriage and back discomfort warrants further investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Dockrell

Blake

Simms

2016

WOR

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“…하지만 더욱 중요한 사실은 가방을 메고 보행을 하는 경 우 가방의 무게와 휴대방식, 가방의 위치, 가방무게의 분 산 정도가 자세와 보행패턴에 많은 영향을 미치게 되며 (Macias, Murthy, & Chambers, 2008), 무거운 가방을 장 시간 착용하게 되면 체간의 좌우 비대칭적인 근 활성도가 나타나고 불안정뿐만 아니라 균형을 유지하는 능력에도 영 향이 있는 것으로 보고하고 있다 (Motmans, Tomlow, & Vissers, 2006). 또한 가방의 무게가 무거워 지면 체간은 전방기울기를 필요로 하고 이로 인한 신체의 부정렬은 허 리의 과긴장과 비정상적인 자세, 잘못된 보행으로 진행되 어 관절, 근육, 뇌와 신체구조 등에 영향이 미친다고 하였 다 (Pascoe, Wang, & Shim, 1997;Forjuoh, Lane, & Schuchmann, 2003). 이렇게 반복적인 일측성 부하는 지속 되는 스트레스로 인해 근육과 신경의 조절이 약해지고 근 골격계의 문제를 발생시켜 (Whittfield, Legg, & Hedderley, 2001) 신체운동을 조절하려는 전략적인 움직임의 제한이 나타나 (Nies & Sinnott, 1991), 신체의 역학적인 측면뿐만 아니라 생리학적인 불균형으로 말초의 불균형이 충추신경 계의 변화를 유발한다고 하였다 (Nigg, 1986).…”

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Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Parameters According to the Change of Position and Weights of Bag during Downward Stairs Between Dominant and Non-dominant in Upper & lower limbs

Hyun¹,

Aeri

Ryew

2014

Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics

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The purpose of this study was to analyze of the GRF (ground reaction force) parameters according to the change of positions and weights of bag during downward stairs between dominant and non-dominant in upper & lower limbs. To perform this study, participants were selected 9 healthy women (age: 21.40±0.94 yrs, height: 166.50±2.68 cm, body mass: 57.00±3.61 kg, BMI: 20.53±1.03 kg/m 2 ), divided into 2 carrying bag positions (dominant arm/R, non-dominant arm/L) and walked with 3 type of bag weights (0, 3, 5 kg) respectively. One force-plate was used to collect GRF (AMTI OR6-7) data at a sample rate of 1000 Hz. The variables analyzed were consisted of the medial-lateral GRF (Fx), anterior-posterior GRF (Fy), vertical GRF (Fz), impact loading rate and center of pressure (COPx, COPy, COP area, COPy posterior peak time) during downward stairs. 1) The Fx, Fy, Fz, COPx, and COP area of GRF were not statistically significant between dominant leg and non-dominant leg, but non-dominant leg, that is, showed the higher COPy, and showed higher impact loading rate than that dominant leg during downward stairs. 2) In bag wearing to non-dominant arm, Fx, Fz, COPx, COPy, impact loading rate and COP area showed increase tendency according to increase of bag weights. Also, against bag wearing to dominant arm, non-dominant showed different mechanism according to increase of bag weights. The Ground Reaction Force parameters showed different characteristics according to the positions and weights of bag during downward stairs between dominant and non-dominant arm.

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“…The changes were done when many teachers and parents voiced their concern about the load in school bags especially in early 2002. However, heavy school bags remain a yearly problem as some subject that requires five or six exercise books, excluding the textbooks (Furjuoh et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, October 2009, all in one file.

GJHS¹

2009

GJHS

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By means of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and Ageline (AARP) database searches, the author presents a review of the literature addressing residential care aides-their roles, working environments, work satisfaction, and factors affecting recruitment and retention. Using the method of qualitative metasummary, eight broad themes emerged: job dissatisfaction, low wages, attrition and retention difficulties, threats to personal safety, the experience of hierarchy (devaluation and domination), the importance of relationships and collegial support, excessive workloads and inadequate training. Heavy reliance on American research is a limitation, but there appears to be general agreement across eight countries that residential care aide work can be arduous, demanding and demoralizing. At the same time, given the constraints that most aides work under, many aides care greatly about their clients and are very concerned about the quality of care that they are able to provide. Their voices, however, remain relatively overlooked or ignored.Keywords: Nurse Aide, Metasummary, Role, Work environment, Work satisfaction, Recruitment, Retention, Long term care BackgroundOver the past three decades, Canada has experienced a dramatic increase in the number of persons living beyond age 65. In 2000, life expectancy at age 65 reached 16.8 years for males and 20.5 years for females, an increase of 0.3 years and 0.2 years respectively compared with 1999 (Statistics Canada, 2002, p.52). By the year 2030, Canada's aging population is predicted to form nearly one-quarter of Canada's entire population (Statistics Canada, 2002). The change in life expectancy is anticipated to bring many economic, social, political and health care challenges but the greatest of these will be the challenge to provide quality long term nursing care to the increasing population of persons who will require it. Over the past decade, there have been dramatic shifts in staffing patterns in long term care facilities in Canada and in other countries. Nurse aides are being employed in escalating numbers. In Canada, this increase is said to be related to three important factors: the need to control health care costs, a current and projected shortage of regulated health care professionals and an ageing population which requires new approaches to health-care delivery (Canadian Nurses Association -CNA, 2008, p. 2). In the United States, aides now provide 90% of the care to residents who live in long term care facilities (Castle, 2007; Friedman, Daub, Cresci, & Keyser, 1999; Riggs, & Rantz, 2001).In long term care institutions, aides provide basic resident care. This includes but is not limited to answering calls for assistance, assisting in all activities of daily living (bathing, dressing and grooming, serving meals and feeding residents), taking measurements such as resident's weight, blood pressure, temperature and pulse, collecting urine and stool specimens, administering suppositories and enemas, administ...

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Percentage of Body Weight Carried by Students in Their School Backpacks

Abstract: Backpack loads represent a significant percentage of body weight of this sample of students aged 5-12 yr. Some students are already using wheeled backpacks, which may have their own hazards.

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Parameters According to the Change of Position and Weights of Bag during Downward Stairs Between Dominant and Non-dominant in Upper & lower limbs

Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, October 2009, all in one file.

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