Perception in chess

Chase, William G.; Simon, Herbert A.

doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2

Cited by 3,727 publications

(2,293 citation statements)

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“…(Logan & Crump, 2011;Miller et al, 1960). Chunking benefits touch typing because it compresses data (Chase & Simon, 1973;Klapp, 1995) and allows higher-and lower-level processes to operate in parallel (Rhodes et al, 2004). This reduces cognitive load and increases the speed of processing (De Kleine & van der Lubbe, 2011).…”

Section: The Role Of Automaticity In Hierarchical Control Of Skillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Yamaguchi¹,

Logan²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Theories of skilled performance propose that highly trained skills involve hierarchically structured control processes. The present study examined and demonstrated hierarchical control at several levels of processing in skilled typewriting. In the first two experiments, we scrambled the order of letters in words to prevent skilled typists from chunking letters, and compared typing words and scrambled words. Experiment 1 manipulated stimulus quality to reveal chunking in perception, and Experiment 2 manipulated concurrent memory load to reveal chunking in short-term memory (STM). Both experiments manipulated the number of letters in words and nonwords to reveal chunking in motor planning. In the next two experiments, we degraded typing skill by altering the usual haptic feedback by using a laser-projection keyboard, so that typists had to monitor keystrokes. Neither the number of motor chunks (Experiment 3) nor the number of STM items (Experiment 4) was influenced by the manipulation. The results indicate that the utilization of hierarchical control depends on whether the input allows chunking but not on whether the output is generated automatically. We consider the role of automaticity in hierarchical control of skilled performance.

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Section: The Role Of Automaticity In Hierarchical Control Of Skillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Yamaguchi¹,

Logan²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…According to theories based on chunking (Chase & Simon, 1973;Gobet & Simon, 1998;Gobet et al, 2001), frequently encountered stimuli are grouped into larger structures that can be retrieved as one unit. Chunking in MOSAIC is implemented by registering the frequency with which nodes in the model are visited when processing the model's input.…”

Section: Chunkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating the cross-linguistic pattern of Optional Infinitive errors in children’s declaratives and Wh- questions

et al. 2015

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“…Process models do not ignore the goal-oriented and adaptive nature of behavior, for they fully incorporate adaptive mechanisms (e.g., goals, means-ends analysis). In addition, contrary to V-W's claim (p. 36), (itself contradicted by the citation of De Groot (1966) in their appendix [p. 56]), proponents of chunking processes have made detailed analyses of the constraints offered by the statistical properties of the chess environment (Chase & Simon, 1973a, b, De Groot, 1966De Groot & Gobet, 1996;Jongman, 1968;Simon & Gilmartin, 1973), thereby adding to the quantitative strength of the theory.…”

Section: Empirical Evidence: Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Two decades later it was shown 2 that most of the expert's advantage vanished if the players viewed the same pieces arranged randomly 3 (Jongman, 1968, p. 57, fn. 1;Chase & Simon, 1973a, 1973b. 1 We will trace only one strand of the history, and that incompletely.…”

Section: The Work Of De Groot and Its Ramificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expertise effects in memory recall: Comment on Vicente and Wang (1998).

Simon¹,

Gobet²

2000

Psychological Review

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proposed a "constraint attunement hypothesis" to explain the large effects of domain expertise on memory recall observed in a number of task domains. They claimed to have found serious defects in alternative explanations of these effects, which their theory overcomes. Reexamination of the evidence shows that their theory is not novel but has been anticipated by those they criticized and that other current published theories of the phenomena do not have the defects that Vicente and Wang attributed to them. Vicente and Wang's views reflect underlying differences about (a) emphasis on performance versus process in psychology and (b) how theories and empirical knowledge interact and progress with the development of a science.Vicente and Wang (1998) used an ecological approach to explain the "significant correlation between domain expertise and memory recall performance after a very brief exposure time" (p. 33). They claimed that "this constraint attunement hypothesis[CAH] . .. predicts ... a memory expertise advantage in cases in which experts are attuned to the goal-relevant constraints in the material to be recalled and that the more constraint available, the greater the expertise advantage can be" (p. 33) and explains "several findings in the literature [that] have no satisfactory theoretical explanation" (p. 33). We claim that, on the contrary, these findings have already been explained by process theories and the memory advantage has long been understood in terms of its goal relevance.After summarizing Vicente and Wang's (1998) theoretical proposal, we address several errors in their account of past and current research on expertise. We then show why the 10 experiments that Vicente and Wang reviewed do not support CAH unless one adds to it a number of auxiliary assumptions and why they provide better support for the contemporary process theories criticized by Vicente and Wang. Process theories need not wait and have not waited for product theories such as CAH to clear the way for progress.

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Perception in chess

Cited by 3,727 publications

References 7 publications

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Simulating the cross-linguistic pattern of Optional Infinitive errors in children’s declaratives and Wh- questions

Expertise effects in memory recall: Comment on Vicente and Wang (1998).

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