Perception of Three-Dimensional Cues in Early Infancy

Bhatt, Ramesh S.; Waters, Susan

doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2458

Cited by 45 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…First, studies investigating illusory contour perception show that an ability to perceive coherent global structure from image fragments based on pictorial information alone emerges at 3 or 4 months of age (Ghim, 1990;Kavšek, 2002;Otsuka, Kanazawa, & Yamaguchi, 2004;Otsuka et al, 2008). Second, some studies suggest that even 3-to 4-month-olds exhibit sensitivity to shading cues and are able to perceive the three-dimensional (3D) structure conveyed by those cues (Bertin & Bhatt, 2006;Bhatt & Waters, 1998). Finally, face recognition studies suggest that infants become sensitive to the basic structure of faces at around this age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Perception of Mooney faces by young infants: The role of local feature visibility, contrast polarity, and motion

Otsuka

Hill

Kanazawa

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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We examined the ability of young infants (3- and 4-month-olds) to detect faces in the two-tone images often referred to as Mooney faces. In Experiment 1, this performance was examined in conditions of high and low visibility of local features and with either the presence or absence of the outer head contour. We found that regardless of the presence of the outer head contour, infants preferred upright over inverted two-tone face images only when local features were highly visible (Experiment 1a). We showed that this upright preference disappeared when the contrast polarity of two-tone images was reversed (Experiment 1b), reflecting operation of face-specific mechanisms. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether motion affects infants' perception of faces in Mooney faces. We found that when the faces appeared to be rigidly moving, infants did show an upright preference in conditions of low visibility of local features (Experiment 2a). Again the preference disappeared when the contrast polarity of the image was reversed (Experiment 2b). Together, these results suggest that young infants have the ability to integrate fragmented image features to perceive faces from two-tone face images, especially if they are moving. This suggests that an interaction between motion and form rather than a purely motion-based process (e.g., structure from motion) facilitates infants' perception of faces in ambiguous two-tone images.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Perception of Mooney faces by young infants: The role of local feature visibility, contrast polarity, and motion

Otsuka

Hill

Kanazawa

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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show abstract

“…Infant pop-out is dependent upon the number and distribution of target stimuli among the distractor stimuli (Rovee-Collier et al, 1992;Bhatt et al, 1994;) and is influenced by the presence or absence of a feature on the target stimulus (Adler, Inslicht, Rovee-Collier, & Gerhardstein, 1998). Finally, functional parallels between infants and adults on visual search tasks have been made using other dependent measures: looking time in novelty-preference tasks (Bhatt & Waters, 1998;Catherwood, Skoien, & Holt, 1996;Colombo, Ryther, Frick, & Gifford, 1995) and with RT (Gerhardstein & RoveeCollier, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Visual search for high‐level configural differences as well as low‐level critical features is highly efficient early in childhood

Gerhardstein

Kraebel

Gillis

et al. 2002

Developmental Psychobiology

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Visual search, or the ability to locate a single target from a field of distractors, is used as a means of assessing the capacity of the visual system with regard to the detection of low-level stimulus dimensions such as color, line orientation, and other specific perceptual features and higher level characteristics such as three-dimensional (3-D) orientation implied by pictorial cues to depth or occlusion. Target-distractor differences of importance to the visual system result in rapid (and possibly preattentive) target location while differences of lesser importance (or differences that are less salient) tend to elicit slower, less efficient search performance (search in this latter case may require attentional resources.) Adult abilities in this type of task have been tested extensively, but comparatively little is known about the development of these abilities. The present investigation was conducted to test, across a range of ages in childhood, the ability to detect visual search targets defined by a low-level critical feature (a texton; B. Julesz, 1981) and by static (pictorial) cues to depth. Children 2 to 9 years of age and adults were tested with each type of target. Previous data from infant studies predicted that the texton-defined differences would elicit highly efficient search performance, and this proved to be the case. When no texton difference was present, however, children's search was highly inefficient. Children between 4 to 9 years of age also proved to be quite efficient at locating a target, differing only by a pictorially rendered 3-D orientation from the distractors, but were much less efficient when the static cues to 3-D orientation were removed. These findings confirm previous reports that the basic processes underlying visual search are functional early in development, but suggest that children's search is less efficient than adult search when attention is required for object localization.

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“…e ecuyer and Durand, 1998) and to line junctions (e.g. Bhatt and Bertin, 2000;Bhatt and Waters, 1998). In these studies, however, the pictorial depth cues under investigation are enriched by embedding them in either a dynamic or a pop-out display, thereby possibly yielding a beneficial effect on the infants' performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Infants' perception of directional alignment of texture elements on a spherical surface

Kavšek

2003

Infant and Child Development

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By appropriately compressing texture elements on a circular surface, one can evoke the impression of being confronted with the depiction of a spherical object in the picture plane. According to Todd and Akerstrom (1987), the 3D perception of such an object can be eliminated if the optical elements are not sufficiently elongated or if they are not aligned with one another. In the current investigation, 4-month-old infants were tested for their ability to react to a disruption of the directional alignment variable. They were habituated to either a spherical surface or a surface the spatial layout of which was destroyed by reorienting the texture elements, and were afterwards tested with a further ellipsoid object and with a further flat surface. Data analysis revealed that the female infants, but not the male participants, preferred the novel posthabituation display, that is, the test stimulus which included a change in the orientational alignment of texture elements. These findings are discussed within the context of development of sensitivity to pictorial depth cues. It is possible that infants as young as 4 months of age respond to manipulations of the directional alignment factor per se, while older infants are capable of using this factor as a cue for 3D object shape. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key words: infant vision; perceptual development; pictorial depth cues; gradients of texture Gibson (1950) was the first to recognize the importance of texture gradients for the perception of spatial layout. Research has revealed four types of variation among texture elements that are potentially informative. These variations are: gradients of density, gradients of size, gradients of convergence (linear perspective) and gradients of compression (width/length). Texture gradients are potentially informative for determining both the distance of a planar surface from the point of observation and the orientation of a planar surface to the line of sight (e.g. Knill, 1998a, b). Stevens (1981Stevens ( , 1984 points to two geometrical

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Perception of Three-Dimensional Cues in Early Infancy

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Perception of Mooney faces by young infants: The role of local feature visibility, contrast polarity, and motion

Perception of Mooney faces by young infants: The role of local feature visibility, contrast polarity, and motion

Visual search for high‐level configural differences as well as low‐level critical features is highly efficient early in childhood

Infants' perception of directional alignment of texture elements on a spherical surface

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