Perceptions of professional esports players on performance-enhancing substances

Schubert, Mathias; Eing, Felix; Könecke, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.peh.2022.100236

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For example, in a live-streamed esports competition, a player openly admitted to using Adderall [46]. Schubert, Eling and Konecke [47] interviewed nine professional FIFA esports players to discuss their perceptions of the use of drugs and other (alleged) PEDs. The authors found that the three main themes that developed included high-performance pressure to perform in these events, an ambivalent perception towards the different forms of PEDs to supplement gaming ability, and the apparent lack of any anti-doping systems or measures.…”

Section: Doping and Cheating In Esports And E-cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors found that the three main themes that developed included high-performance pressure to perform in these events, an ambivalent perception towards the different forms of PEDs to supplement gaming ability, and the apparent lack of any anti-doping systems or measures. One respondent argued that the definition of doping in FIFA esports is problematic because it cannot be compared to physical exertion in "traditional" or in-person football [47]. Many of the respondents welcome some form of anti-doping enforcement to their sport.…”

Section: Doping and Cheating In Esports And E-cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptions of Cheating and Doping in E-Cycling

Richardson,

Berger,

Smith

2023

Sports

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E-cycling is a growing area of cycling appealing to competitive cyclists and fitness enthusiasts. Zwift is the most popular e-cycling platform, with approx. 1 million subscribers and is a virtual environment that hosts regular races, including the UCI e-cycling world championships. The popularity of Zwift has given rise to cases of cheating and hacking the system to gain an advantage in e-racing. As a result, some high-profile professional riders have faced bans. We set out to understand the thoughts and concerns e-cyclists have about cheating, hacking, and doping in e-cycling. A total of 337 females and 1130 males were recruited over a 7-week period via social networking sites to complete an online survey. Forty-four per cent had experienced cheating during e-racing, which made them feel angry, annoyed, disappointed, and cheated. However, 15% of those who experienced cheating said they did not care, possibly because many see e-racing as a game or training tool rather than a competitive event. Eighty-seven per cent of participants were in favour of enforcing a ban on cheaters in e-cycling, while 34% wanted cheaters to be banned during in-person cycling events too. Results indicate that many e-cyclists have experienced cheating and would like clearer rules and bans for cheaters during e-races.

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Section: Doping and Cheating In Esports And E-cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Doping and Cheating In Esports And E-cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of Cheating and Doping in E-Cycling

Richardson,

Berger,

Smith

2023

Sports

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“…Esports demand fine motor skills, agility, mental stamina, and intense focus on a screen that may steer gamers toward use of cognitive enhancers over physical performance enhancers. 8 Some esports organizations such as International Esports Federation (IESF) began to take notice of the misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants like Adderall in selected leagues and moved to develop anti-doping rules for competitors modeled after the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA); however, widespread enforcement of anti-doping rules has yet to be implemented in esports. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has announced a new Olympic Esports Series starting in 2023 in Singapore, so doping considerations involving nootropics will likely be a growing concern for high level gamers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unauthorized ingredients in “nootropic” dietary supplements: A review of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, international regulations, and potential as doping agents

Jędrejko,

Catlin,

Stewart

et al. 2023

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The first nootropic prohibited in sport was fonturacetam (4-phenylpiracetam, carphedon) in 1998. Presented here 25 years later is a broad-scale consideration of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, regulations, and doping potential of nootropics viewed through a lens of 50 selected dietary supplements (DS) marketed as "cognitive enhancement," "brain health," "brain boosters," or "nootropics," with a focus on unauthorized ingredients. Nootropic DS have risen to prominence over the last decade often as multicomponent formulations of bioactive ingredients presenting compelling pharmacological questions and potential public health concerns. Many popular nootropics are unauthorized food or DS ingredients according to the European Commission including huperzine A, yohimbine, and dimethylaminoethanol; unapproved pharmaceuticals like phenibut or emoxypine (mexidol); previously registered drugs like meclofenoxate or reserpine; EU authorized pharmaceuticals like piracetam or vinpocetine; infamous doping agents like methylhexaneamine or dimethylbutylamine; and other investigational substances and peptides. Several are authorized DS ingredients in the United States resulting in significant global variability as to what qualifies as a legal nootropic. Prohibited stimulants or ß2-agonists commonly used in "pre-workout," "weight loss," or "thermogenic" DS such as octodrine, hordenine, or higenamine are often stacked with nootropic substances. While stimulants and ß2-agonists are defined as doping agents by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), many nootropics are not, although some may qualify as non-approved substances or related substances under catch-all language in the WADA Prohibited List. Synergistic combinations, excessive dosing, or recently researched pharmacology may justify listing certain nootropics as doping agents or warrant additional attention in future regulations.

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“…, 2020, p. 94). It could also have implications for governance and management, for instance when looking at performance-enhancement (Schubert et al. , 2022), or for marketing and brand management, which is evolving as a research field (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the question is relevant from a legal standpoint, as can be seen in the discussion regarding sports scholarships for esports players at American universities (Walton et al, 2020, p. 94). It could also have implications for governance and management, for instance when looking at performance-enhancement (Schubert et al, 2022), or for marketing and brand management, which is evolving as a research field (e.g. de Zoeten and K€ onecke, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esports, video gaming and their fuzziness: a conceptualization and categorization

de Zoeten,

Könecke

2023

SBM

Self Cite

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PurposeThe social and economic importance esports has gained over the past decades has led to a quickly evolving academic interest in the topic. Yet, current perspectives on esports frequently are not precise enough, too context-specific and/or focus on the question whether esports is sports or not. This means that no precise structural concept has been provided thus far. Such a conceptualization as well as a categorization of esports and related types of video gaming are provided in this paper.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a narrative review considering academic literature from 2000 to 2021 and publications of relevant esports organizations. The review is conceptually extended by structural parallels to traditional sports.FindingsThe central outcome of this research is conceptualizing esports as a victory-driven, organized performance comparison of exclusively human players playing video games in a competitive setting. This comparison is based solely on the performance achieved during a defined time frame according to fixed rules with comparably equal team (starting) conditions. This conceptualization is embedded in a general categorization of video gaming based on structural similarities with and differences to esports. Moreover, characteristics that were rejected in regards to the conceptualization and the categorization are discussed.Originality/valueThis paper provides a comprehensive categorization of esports and other types of video gaming based on structural similarities and differences. It is thus of high relevance for academia and sport management practice alike and can further the development in both fields.

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Perceptions of professional esports players on performance-enhancing substances

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Perceptions of Cheating and Doping in E-Cycling

Perceptions of Cheating and Doping in E-Cycling

Unauthorized ingredients in “nootropic” dietary supplements: A review of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, international regulations, and potential as doping agents

Esports, video gaming and their fuzziness: a conceptualization and categorization

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