Perceptions of sexual harassment as a function of sex of rater and incident form and consequence

Popovich, Paula M.; Gehlauf, DeeAnn N.; Jolton, Jeffrey A.; Somers, Jill M.; Godinho, Rhonda M.

doi:10.1007/bf03187137

Cited by 45 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In recent years, social scientists, policy makers, and the general public have given an extensive degree of attention to issues associated with sexual harassment. As a result, there has been an increasing number of empirical investigations which focused on those factors which affect perceptions of such harassment (Bursik, 1992;Gervasio & Ruckdeschel, 1992;Popovich, Gehlauf, Jolton, Somers, & Godinho, 1992). One of the major areas of focus in sexual harassment research has been the effect of subject gender.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…One of the major areas of focus in sexual harassment research has been the effect of subject gender. Interestingly enough, researchers have demonstrated that perceptions vary as a function of gender; that is, females tend to be more sympathetic to the target than do males (Gutek, 1985;Jones & Remland, 1992;Popovich et al, 1992;Summers, 1991), do not vary as a function of gender (Baker, Terpstra, & Cutler, 1990;Bursik, 1992;Jones, Remland, & Brunner, 1987), or vary on some issues and not others (Castellow, Wuensch, & Moore, 1990;Jones et al, 1987). Most recently, Frazier, Cochran, and Olson (1995) have contended that research on gender differences in sexual harassment perceptions "needs to move beyond documenting differences to identifying both mediators and moderators of such differences" (p. 34).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors That Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Johnson

Benson

Teasdale

et al. 1997

J Applied Social Pyschol

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Subjects read a passage which described an interaction between a man and a woman at an office party. The woman was either sober or intoxicated, and eventually the man engaged in 1 of 3 behaviors which involved varying degrees of sexual innuendo and/or aggression: (a) verbal comment, (b) verbal request, and (c) nonverbal physical display. The results indicated that perceptions did not vary as a function of target person's intoxication in the nonverbal‐display condition. On the other hand, in the verbal‐comment and verbal‐request conditions, subjects in the intoxicated‐target‐person condition perceived the initiator more favorably than subjects in the sober‐target‐person condition. In addition, they indicated that perceptions did not vary as a function of target‐person intoxication level in the nonverbal‐display condition. On the other hand, in the verbal‐comment and verbal‐request conditions, male subjects were more favorable toward the initiator than toward female subjects.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors That Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Johnson

Benson

Teasdale

et al. 1997

J Applied Social Pyschol

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“…Previous researchers have demonstrated that sexual harassment perceptions vary as a function of gender (Gutek, 1985;Jones & Remland, 1992;Popovich, Gehlauf, Jolton, & Somer, 1992;Summers, 1991), do not vary as a function of gender (Baker, Terpstra, & Cutler, 1990;Bursik, 1992;Jones, Remland, & Brunner, 1987), or vary on some issues but not others (Castellow, Wuensh, & Moore, 1990;Jones et al, 1987). Consequently, no specific predictions were made for participant gender.…”

Section: Gender Effectsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Variation in the Application of the “Promiscuous Female” Stereotype and the Nature of the Application Domain: Influences on Sexual Harassment Judgments after Exposure to the Jerry Springer Show

et al. 2005

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This study was designed to explore how the impact of exposure to a few stereotyped group members can be mediated by individual variation in stereotype application to other group members. When compared to participants exposed to nonpromiscuous women on an episode of the Jerry Springer Show, those exposed to promiscuous women perceived a victim of sexual harassment as less traumatized and more responsible for the event. In addition, exposure condition had no impact on judgments when the man physically touched the victim. Conversely, when he made a verbal comment or verbal request, those in the promiscuous condition reported perceptions of less victim trauma and made greater attributions of victim responsibility. The findings also indicate that the effects of exposure to the promiscuous woman depictions were mediated by individual variation in attributions of victim promiscuity. Finally, activation of the promiscuous female stereotype was also shown to have generalized to judgments of women in a nonsexual domain.KEY WORDS: female stereotype; stereotype mediation; media images.Social scientists have devoted an extensive amount of attention to the theoretical and practical consequences of exposure to various types of stereotypical trait information. Mere exposure to a symbol or representative of a social category can be sufficient to activate stereotypic associations, often without awareness or attention (Bargh, 1988). Current theorists, however, emphasize a distinction between stereotype activation and stereotype application. Activation refers to the enhanced accessibility of stereotype-associated information, whereas application refers to the use of this stereotypical informa-

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“…What may be seen by one person as innocent courting behavior, which happens to occur in the workplace, may be seen by another person as offensive and intimidating behavior which hinders his or her ability to effectively perform the job. For example, a number of studies have noted that females tend to rate sexually oriented behavior as sexual harassment to a greater degree than do their male counterparts (e.g., Gutek, Morasch, & Cohen, 1983;Gutek, Nakamura, Gahart, Handschumacher, & Russell, 1980;Konrad & Gutek, 1986;Popovich, Gehlauf, Jolton, Somers, & Godinho, 1992;Popovich, Licata, Nokovich, Martelli, & Zoloty, 1986;Powell, 1983Powell, , 1986Terpstra & Baker, 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Clearly, agreement among the contact persons about what constitutes sexual harassment would be required for the effective incorporation of this component into the training package. Given the lack of consensus among individuals as to what constitutes sexual harassment (e.g., Gutek et al, 1980Gutek et al, , 1983Konrad & Gutek, 1986;Popovich et al, 1986Popovich et al, ,1992Powell, 1983Powell, , 1986; Terpstra & Baker, 1986), considerable attention would need to be devoted to this component of the training package.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effects of Training on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Allegations

Blakely

Moorman

1998

J Applied Social Pyschol

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This study of 176 college juniors examined the effects of respondent gender and sexual harassment training on the perceptions of what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace. Variation in these perceptions, due to severity of the sexually oriented behavior, was also examined. Regardless of the subject's gender, individuals who 6 weeks earlier had seen a training film about sexual harassment rated severe sexually oriented work behaviors as more harassing than did individuals who had not seen the film. Additionally, males who had not seen the film rated ambiguous sexually oriented behaviors as less harassing than did males and females who had seen the film, and as less harassing than females who had not seen the film. Implications for the importance of training in addressing sexual harassment are discussed.

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Perceptions of sexual harassment as a function of sex of rater and incident form and consequence

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors That Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors That Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Variation in the Application of the “Promiscuous Female” Stereotype and the Nature of the Application Domain: Influences on Sexual Harassment Judgments after Exposure to the Jerry Springer Show

The Effects of Training on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Allegations

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