“…Similarly, Hough (2020) differentiates civilians’ trust in officer competence, procedural fairness, fair decision making (outcomes), and non-discrimination. Trust in police has received much research attention over the last few decades (Cao, 2015; Hu et al, 2020; Ruddell & Trott, 2022) because high levels of trust have been associated with civilians’ willingness to cooperate with police and comply with the law (Bolger & Walters, 2019; Worden & McLean, 2017). According to the procedural justice framework, “the quality of police treatment of people and the quality of police decision making” determine whether the public trusts the police (Mazerolle et al, 2014, pp.…”