“…Classroom instruction has unique features such as rich social cues, immediate feedback and socialisation, which often result in students' clear preference for face-to-face (F2F) interactions whenever conditions allow (Altiner, 2015;Stewart, Harlow, & DeBacco, 2011). Despite this, students are not always able to enjoy such opportunities, for instance, at times of major events like a worldwide pandemic or a catastrophe that causes schools to shut down and classes to cease functioning (White, Ramirez, Smith, & Plonowski, 2010).…”