Perceptual grouping via binocular disparity: The impact of stereoscopic good continuation

Deas, Lesley; Wilcox, Laurie M.

doi:10.1167/15.11.11

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Recently, researchers have shown that the perception of quantitative depth in binocular stimuli depends upon surrounding disparity information, with the presence of continuous gradations in disparity resulting in a reduction in perceived depth (Cammack & Harris, 2016;Deas & Wilcox, 2014, 2015Hornsey, Hibbard, & Scarfe, 2016). These recent findings are consistent with much earlier results, which showed that disparity discrimination thresholds are increased for pairs of vertical lines when intervening horizontal lines create a closed figure (McKee, 1983;Mitchison & Westheimer, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…To provide new insight into possible mechanisms governing surface-related reductions in perceived depth, this paper examines the interaction between factors of surface continuity (Cammack & Harris, 2016;Deas & Wilcox, 2014, 2015, considered in terms of the steepness of disparity variation across a stimulus, and surface discontinuity. Previous research on surface discontinuities has shown contradictory effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research on surface discontinuities has shown contradictory effects. In some cases, the presence of discontinuous edges can enhance perceived depth compared to continuous disparity changes (Cammack & Harris, 2016;Deas & Wilcox, 2014, 2015, and can improve slant discrimination thresholds (Wardle & Gillam, 2016). Conversely, some discontinuous surface arrangements lead to reductions in perceived depth, as in the depth variant of the Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet illusion (Anstis, Howard, & Rogers, 1978;Rogers & Graham, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface continuity and discontinuity bias the perception of stereoscopic depth

2018

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Binocular disparity signals can provide high acuity information about the positions of points, surfaces, and objects in three-dimensional space. For some stimulus configurations, however, perceived depth is known to be affected by surface organization. Here we examine the effects of surface continuity and discontinuity on such surface organization biases. Participants were presented with a series of random dot surfaces, each with a cumulative Gaussian form in depth. Surfaces varied in the steepness of disparity gradients, via manipulation of the standard deviation of the Gaussian, and/or the presence of differing forms of surface discontinuity. By varying the relative disparity between surface edges, we measured the points of subjective equality, where surfaces of differing steepness and/or discontinuity were perceptually indistinguishable. We compare our results to a model that considers sensitivity to different frequencies of disparity modulation. Across a series of experiments, the observed patterns of change in points of subjective equality suggest that perceived depth is determined by the integration of measures of relative disparity, with a bias toward sharp changes in disparity. Such disparities increase perceived depth when they are in the same direction as the overall disparity. Conversely, perceived depth is reduced by the presence of sharp disparity changes that oppose the sign of the overall depth change.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface continuity and discontinuity bias the perception of stereoscopic depth

2018

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“…These results may be interpreted as the consequence of combining conflicting evidence to the best segmentation of the image into distinct surfaces, rather than any direct effect on the way in which binocular disparity itself it processed. However, Gestalt grouping via closure also reduces the amount of depth that is perceived [34,35]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular Depth Judgments on Smoothly Curved Surfaces

2016

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Binocular disparity is an important cue to depth, allowing us to make very fine discriminations of the relative depth of objects. In complex scenes, this sensitivity depends on the particular shape and layout of the objects viewed. For example, judgments of the relative depths of points on a smoothly curved surface are less accurate than those for points in empty space. It has been argued that this occurs because depth relationships are represented accurately only within a local spatial area. A consequence of this is that, when judging the relative depths of points separated by depth maxima and minima, information must be integrated across separate local representations. This integration, by adding more stages of processing, might be expected to reduce the accuracy of depth judgements. We tested this idea directly by measuring how accurately human participants could report the relative depths of two dots, presented with different binocular disparities. In the first, Two Dot condition the two dots were presented in front of a square grid. In the second, Three Dot condition, an additional dot was presented midway between the target dots, at a range of depths, both nearer and further than the target dots. In the final, Surface condition, the target dots were placed on a smooth surface defined by binocular disparity cues. In some trials, this contained a depth maximum or minimum between the target dots. In the Three Dot condition, performance was impaired when the central dot was presented with a large disparity, in line with predictions. In the Surface condition, performance was worst when the midpoint of the surface was at a similar distance to the targets, and relatively unaffected when there was a large depth maximum or minimum present. These results are not consistent with the idea that depth order is represented only within a local spatial area.

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“…Beginning at V2, and continuing through multiple cortical sites, neurons show selectivity for relative disparities, that is, for differences between absolute disparity measurements across space (Fang et al, 2018;Neri, Bridge & Heeger, 2004;Thomas, Cumming & Parker, 2002;Umeda, Tanabe & Fujita, 2007). Although sensitivity for relative disparities has not been modeled extensively (cf., Assee & Qian 2007;Zhaoping, 2002), numerous psychophysical observations suggest the importance of processes operating at this level (e.g., Deas & Wilcox, 2014;Deas & Wilcox, 2015;Glennerster & McKee, 1999;Glennerster & McKee, 2004;Goutcher & Hibbard, 2010;Goutcher, Connolly & Hibbard, 2018;Goutcher & Wilcox, 2016;Vreven, McKee & Verghese, 2002;Wardle & Gillam 2016). Such results indicate that the tuning properties of relative disparity mechanisms are critically important for understanding the perception of cyclopean form (Goutcher et al, 2018;Hibbard, 2005;Tyler, 1975;Tyler, 2012;Tyler & Kontsevich, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impairment of cyclopean surface processing by disparity-defined masking stimuli

Goutcher

Hibbard

2020

Journal of Vision

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Binocular disparity signals allow for the estimation of three-dimensional shape, even in the absence of monocular depth cues. The perception of such disparity-defined form depends, however, on the linkage of multiple disparity measurements over space. Performance limitations in cyclopean tasks thus inform us about errors arising in disparity measurement and difficulties in the linkage of such measurements. We used a cyclopean orientation discrimination task to examine the perception of disparity-defined form. Participants were presented with random-dot sinusoidal modulations in depth and asked to report whether they were clockwise or counter-clockwise rotated. To assess the effect of different noise structures on measurement and linkage processes, task performance was measured in the presence of binocular, random-dot masks, structured as either antiphase depth sinusoids, or as random distributions of dots in depth. For a fixed number of surface dots, the ratio of mask-to-surface dots was varied to obtain thresholds for orientation discrimination. Antiphase masks were found to be more effective than random depth masks, requiring a lower mask-to-surface dot ratio to inhibit performance. For antiphase masks, performance improved with decreased cyclopean frequency, increased disparity amplitude, and/or an increase in the total number of stimulus dots. Although a cross-correlation model of disparity measurement could account for antiphase mask performance, random depth masking effects were consistent with limitations in relative disparity processing. This suggests that performance is noise-limited for antiphase masks and complexity-limited for random masks. We propose that use of differing mask types may prove effective in understanding these distinct forms of impairment.Citation: Goutcher, R. & Hibbard, P. B. (2020). Impairment of cyclopean surface processing by disparity-defined masking stimuli.

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Perceptual grouping via binocular disparity: The impact of stereoscopic good continuation

Cited by 11 publications

References 63 publications

Surface continuity and discontinuity bias the perception of stereoscopic depth

Surface continuity and discontinuity bias the perception of stereoscopic depth

Binocular Depth Judgments on Smoothly Curved Surfaces

Impairment of cyclopean surface processing by disparity-defined masking stimuli

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