Perchlorate Isotope Forensics

Böhlke, John K.; Sturchio, Neil C.; Gu, Baohua; Horita, Juske; Brown, Gilbert M.; Jackson, W. Andrew; Batista, Jacimaria R.; Hatzinger, Paul B.

doi:10.1021/ac051360d

Cited by 111 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…chlorine [14,15,55]. This change in the standard atomic weight of chlorine is intended to emphasize the fact that the atomic weight of chlorine is not a constant of nature but depends upon the source of the material (Fig.…”

Section: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…10). The lower bound of the atomic-weight interval corresponds to chlorine of perchlorate in natural nitrate fertilizer imported from the Atacama Desert, Chile [55], and the upper bound corresponds to chlorine in smectite from a Costa Rica Rift ocean drill hole [56]. The previous standard atomic-weight value A r (Cl) = 35.453(2), recommended in 1999 [41], was based on the Commission decision to increase the uncertainty to include most Cl-bearing materials.…”

Section: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previous value of A r (Ge) = 72.64(1) was assigned by the Commission in 1999 [41], which selected the calibrated [14,15]); the data for perchlorates is from [55]. Isotopic reference materials are designated by solid black circles.…”

Section: Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Wieser

Coplen

2010

Pure and Applied Chemistry

244

151

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Abstract:The biennial review of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of 11 elements. Many atomic weights are not constants of nature, but depend upon the physical, chemical, and nuclear history of the material. The standard atomic weights of 10 elements having two or more stable isotopes have been changed to reflect this variability of atomic-weight values in natural terrestrial materials. To emphasize the fact that these standard atomic weights are not constants of nature, each atomic-weight value is expressed as an interval. The interval is used together with the symbol [a; b] to denote the set of atomic-weight values, A r (E), of element E in normal materials for which a ≤ A r (E) ≤ b. [204.382; 204.385] from 204.3833(2). This fundamental change in the presentation of the atomic weights represents an important advance in our knowledge of the natural world and underscores the significance and contributions of chemistry to the wellbeing of humankind in the International Year of Chemistry 2011. The standard atomic weight of germanium, A r (Ge), was also changed to 72.63(1) from 72.64(1).

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Section: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Wieser

Coplen

2010

Pure and Applied Chemistry

244

151

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“…It was once assumed that ClO4 -contamination of groundwater largely resulted from historical testing and disposal practices by the military, the aerospace and ordnance industries, and ClO4 -manufacturers. However, during the past decade it has become apparent that widespread agricultural use of nitrate fertilizer from the Atacama Desert of Chile (Urbansky et al, 2001a,b;Böhlke et al, 2005;Sturchio et al, 2011Sturchio et al, , 2012Sturchio et al, , 2014 as well as mobilization of indigenous natural ClO4 - (Dasgupta et al, 2005(Dasgupta et al, , 2006Rao et al, 2007) coupled well-bore flow and depth-dependent water quality data for several groundwater supply wells. The geochemical and hydrogeological data, along with interpretations, were published previously (Izbicki et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Perchlorate Sources in the Rialto-Colton and Chino California Subbasins using Chlorine and Oxygen Isotope Ratio Analysis

Hatzinger¹,

Boehlke²,

Izbicki³

et al. 2015

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T he public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to a ven:~~ge 1 hour per response. including t he time for reviewing instruction-;. search ing exist ing dat a sources. gathering and maintaining t he data needed. end completing and review ing th e collection of information_ Send comments reg arding t his burden estimate or any othe . Perchlorate in groundwater can be from synthetic or natmal sources. the latter of which include both historical application of impotted nitrate fertilizers fi·om the Atacama Desert of Chile and atmospheric perchlorate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of isotopic data to distinguish somces of perchlorate in groundwater in a specific region of the Rialto-Colton and Chino. CA groundwater subbasins. Perchlorate extrac ted from wells in tlus region was analyzed for chlorine and oxygen stable isotope ratios and radioactive chlorine-36 isotopic abundance. along w ith other geochenucal. isotopic. and hydrogeologic data. The stable isotope and chlOI~ne-36 data provided relatively unambiguous discrinunation of synthetic and Atacama perchlorate sources in most wells having relatively high concentt·ations. providing regional perspective on anthl'Opogenic perchlorate contamination in the Rialto-Colton and Cluno subbasins. Where indigenous natmal perchlorate was indicated as a substantial component. total perchlorate concentt·ations were low and concentrations of anthropogenic components were near backgrotmd levels.

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“…- (14). While the occurrence of natural ClO 4 -is now well established, its source and rate of deposition are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perchlorate in Wet Deposition Across North America

Rajagopalan

Anderson

Cox

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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119

121

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Natural perchlorate is believed to be of atmospheric origin, yet no systematic study has been conducted to evaluate perchlorate deposition rate and possible seasonal or spatial variations. This study evaluated perchlorate concentrations in weekly composite wet deposition samples acquired through the National Atmospheric Deposition Program from 26 sites across the continental United States, Alaska, and Puerto Rico for a 1−3 year period. Perchlorate concentrations varied from <5 ng/L to a high of 102 ng/L with a mean of 14.1 ± 13.5 ng/L for the 1578 total samples. The annual perchlorate flux by site ranged from a low of 12.5 (TX) to 157 mg/ha-year (NE) and averaged 65 ± 30 mg/ha-year for all sites. Perchlorate concentrations and flux in wet deposition were generally highest in May−August declining to lows in December−February. Average annual perchlorate flux was correlated (r > 0.5; p < 0.001) with Ca2+, K+, NH4 +, NO3 −, Cl−, and SO4 −2. Wet deposition rate of ClO4 − in the conterminous United States (excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico) while diffuse, represents a potential annual net mass flux of 51 000 kg, a value comparable to the estimated annual environmental releases from other known ClO4 − sources.

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Perchlorate Isotope Forensics

Cited by 111 publications

References 29 publications

Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Evaluation of Perchlorate Sources in the Rialto-Colton and Chino California Subbasins using Chlorine and Oxygen Isotope Ratio Analysis

Perchlorate in Wet Deposition Across North America

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