Perchlorate: water and infant formulae contamination in France and risk assessment in infants

Abstract

Perchlorate ions ClO4(-), known to inhibit competitively the uptake of iodine by the thyroid, have been detected in drinking water in France as well as in infant formulae. A tolerable daily intake (TDI) has been established at 0.7 µg kg(-1) bw day(-1) based on the inhibition of iodine uptake. Due to this mechanism of action, the iodine status could strongly influence the biological effect of perchlorate. Perchlorate concentrations in water and infant formulae were measured and the exposure of children under 6 months of age calculated. It appeared that the TDI could be exceeded in some children. As the iodine status is not optimal within the entire French population, there appears to be a need to clarify the sources of perchlorate ultimately to decrease exposure.

Studies on perchlorate levels in powdered infant formulas available on the Polish market

“…The obtained results in the present study (range 0.494-5.063 µg/L) seem to be inconsiderably lower than the values reported by Vigreux-Baset et al in 2015 (range 2.0-12.8 µg/L) [15]. It should be noted that in the study carried out by Vigreux-Baset et al in 2015 [15], only 48% of the tested samples indicated concentrations above the limit of quantification (2 µg/L), whereas in our work it is over 66%. This may result from the lower limit of quantification of the method (0.450 µg/L) that was employed in the present research.…”

“…The research by Schier et al in 2010 [16] reported the range of concentrations of perchlorate in water at 1.77-6.30 µg/L, hence it is highly probable that the daily tolerated dose is exceeded. A similar estimation can be found in the work of Vigreux-Besret et al 2015 [15], where the perchlorate concentration in water of 4 µg/L was used for the calculations. In this study, 5% of the most exposed children exceeded the safety limit [15].…”

“…A similar estimation can be found in the work of Vigreux-Besret et al 2015 [15], where the perchlorate concentration in water of 4 µg/L was used for the calculations. In this study, 5% of the most exposed children exceeded the safety limit [15]. Importantly, in both of these studies, the reference value amounted to 0.7 µg/kg body weight/ day.…”

“…The report showed that neither children fed cow milk formula nor those fed soy-based formula exceeded the TDI level (0.208 µg/kg body weight/day and 0.065 µg/kg body weight/day, respectively) [14]. To the best of our knowledge, only one study was conducted in Europe and it revealed that in some cases the health advisory level may be exceeded [15].…”

Environmentally safe (chlorine-free): new green propellant formulation based on 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate and HTPB

“…Perchlorate contamination is becoming a more widespread concern in many countries all over the world. [7][8][9][10][11][12] At high concentrations, perchlorate can affect thyroid gland functions. Away from inuencing the thyroid activity in humans, AP produce large amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during its combustion.…”