Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of 2-Ethoxyethanol

Lockley, David J.; Howes, D.; Williams, Faith M.

doi:10.1006/taap.2002.9373

Cited by 38 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It is also a constituent in antifreeze, deicing fluids, surface coatings, heat transfer fluids and industrial coolants, hydraulic fluids, surfactants and emulsifiers (Lockely et al, 2002). General population, or consumer, exposure occurs primarily from the use of ethylene glycol in automotive antifreeze.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antilithiatic Influence of Spirulina on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Nephrolithiasis in Male Rats

Al-Attar¹

2010

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Problem statement: Nephrolithiasis or renal stone disease remains a significant health problem in the adult population. Nephrolithiasis is a recurrent disorder prominent in males. It is significant medical and surgical problem because of incidence, recurrence and severe consequences. The present day medical management of nephrolithiasis is either costly or not without side effects. Invasive procedures for the treatment of nephrolithiasis may cause serious complications and they also impose a great load of costs to the healthcare system. Hence the search for antilithiatic drugs from natural sources has assumed greater importance. Approach: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antilithiatic activity of spirulina supplementation on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis in male rats. Healthy male Wistar rats were used in the present study and were divided randomly into 4 groups. Rats of 1st group were served as normal control. Rats of 2nd group were received 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for three weeks and drinking tap water for the next three weeks. Rats of 3rd group were received 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for three weeks and fed with spirulina solution (20 mg kg −1 body weight) for the next three weeks. Animals of 4th group were treated as 1st group for the first three weeks and fed with spirulina solution ate the same dose given to 3rd group for the last three weeks. After six weeks, serum levels of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Results: Statistically increases in the levels of sodium, chloride, BUN and ALT and a decrease in the level of calcium were noted in rats treated with ethylene glycol. Supplementation of spirulina for the last three weeks mostly recovered the rats from nephrolithiasis and completely from hepatotoxicity induced by ethylene glycol. Conclusion:This study suggested that spirulina is a safety and promising agent as a functional food for the management of nephrolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol and may be also by other chemical factors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antilithiatic Influence of Spirulina on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Nephrolithiasis in Male Rats

Al-Attar¹

2010

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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“…It is miscible with both water and other organic solvents, and can be easily absorbed through the skin as well as via inhalation 1,2) . The compound possesses a low order of acute toxicity as shown in animal experiments 3,4) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Health Effects of Exposure to Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether in Female Workers

et al. 2004

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Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) is a solvent commonly used in industry.To find the health effect of the solvent exposure in women, we did an investigation on 32 female workers exposed to EGEE in factories manufacturing photopolymer sensitization plate, and 20 subjects working in the same companies without potential exposure to the solvent. The mean age was 35.0 and 33.9 yr in the two groups, respectively. The mean concentration of the urinary metabolite (ethoxyacetic acid) was 120.87 mg/g creatinine (geometric mean) in the exposed group, and 2.71 mg/ g creatinine in the control group. Average RBC count and hemoglobin levels were normal in both groups. However, there were 2 subjects in the exposed group with an RBC count and hemoglobin concentration slightly lower than the standard. Out of 20 controls, 5 subjects reported irregular menstruation, and in comparison, 4 out of 32 exposed females had the same complaint. The most common health complaints were dizziness and swelling of the legs, with the same frequencies seen in both groups. Overall, our study suggests that although female workers were exposed to high concentrations of EGEE, subsequent health problems possibly due to such exposure were not significant.

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“…However, most studies have focused on 2-EE rather than 2-EEA. Some in vitro studies have found that 2-EE absorption by human skin was about one-third of that in rat skin 17,18) , while Table 4. Comparison of hematological parameters between male high exposure and comparison groups at the baseline, second and third surveysothers have shown that skin absorption is higher for 2-BE and 2-ME than for 2-EE 19,20) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several studies have reported the importance of dermal absorption of ethylene glycol ether [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] . However, most studies have focused on 2-EE rather than 2-EEA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%